{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T05:41:50Z","timestamp":1776145310348,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Oral Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the potential of machine learning systems for the clinical classification of palatal salivary gland tumors into five diagnostic categories using only demographic and clinical data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four machine learning models\u2014Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and XGBoost\u2014were implemented\u00a0based on demographic and clinical attributes from 100 patients. The methodology involved a four\u2010step process: Hyperparameter optimization using systematic search for combinations (Grid Search), fivefold cross\u2010validation comprising training and testing, classifier training, and tests, followed by the acquisition of standardized performance metrics. The input attributes included age, sex, location, and symptoms. Performance was evaluated using accuracy, macro\u2010average sensitivity, specificity, precision, and F1\u2010score.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>According to the mean accuracy values, XGBoost and MLP achieved the highest performance (81%), followed by SVM (80%) and RF (79%). Nevertheless, for all models, both macro\u2010averaged sensitivity and F1\u2010score were relatively low, remaining below 75%. Specificity emerged as the most consistent metric, ranging from 85% to 90% across all classifiers. All models reached a perfect score (1.0) in the classification of PA, whereas performance declined for malignant tumors, particularly for the rarer subtypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Machine learning is a feasible approach for classifying palatal salivary gland tumors, demonstrating high specificity but limited sensitivity, primarily due to the uneven distribution of tumor subclasses, particularly the malignant ones, which are underrepresented owing to their rarity. XGBoost proved to be the most robust model with a low computational cost.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.70104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T11:49:31Z","timestamp":1763466571000},"page":"454-461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Machine Learning Classification of Palatal Salivary Gland Tumors Using Clinical and Demographic Descriptors"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3775-4038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Arthur","family":"de Melo Tassinari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Technology (ICT\u2010UNIFESP) Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 Dos Campos  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3725-8051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Lu\u00edza Damaceno","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head and Neck Surgery Department University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School (FMUSP)  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8890-8723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebasti\u00e3o Silv\u00e9rio","family":"de Sousa\u2010Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Diagnosis Department, Piracicaba Dental School University of Campinas (FOP\u2010UNICAMP)  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6657-4547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe Paiva","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG)  Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8036-0705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno Augusto Linhares Almeida","family":"Mariz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o De Odontologia Hospital Vila Nova Star, Rede D'or  S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8662-5965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manoela Domingues","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul  Porto Alegre Rio Grande Do Sul Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3259-606X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno Augusto Benevenuto","family":"de Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Diagnosis and Pathology Federal University of Rio De Janeiro (UFRJ)  Rio De Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3648-337X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"Agostini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Diagnosis and Pathology Federal University of Rio De Janeiro (UFRJ)  Rio De Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7609-8804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9lder Ant\u00f4nio Rebelo","family":"Pontes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Oral Pathology Jo\u00e3o de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Par\u00e1  Bel\u00e9m Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0127-7998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Carolina Prado","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Oncology Service Instituto Do C\u00e2ncer Do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo, ICESP\u2010FMUSP  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9128-3138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tha\u00eds Bianca","family":"Brand\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinics Hospital of the Medical School of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0070-0640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre Caroli","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology A.C. 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