{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:32:06Z","timestamp":1787502726583,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI22\/00905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/00905"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Oral Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the quality and readability of large language models (LLMs) when responding to Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about oral lichen planus (OLP).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated the responses of three LLMs (ChatGPT\u20104o, Gemini 2.0 Flash Experimental, and Copilot) to 13 patient\u2010centered FAQs about OLP. Questions were identified using query tools, and answers were assessed by 14 oral medicine experts using the Quality Assessment of Medical Artificial Intelligence (QAMAI) tool. Readability was analyzed with the Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) and Flesch\u2013Kincaid Grade Level (FKG) tools.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All LLMs provided generally accurate and relevant responses, with median QAMAI scores indicating \u201cgood\u201d to \u201cvery good\u201d quality. ChatGPT achieved slightly higher completeness, particularly for questions on OLP definition and treatment. The reference provision was inconsistent across all chatbots. Readability analysis revealed that most responses required college\u2010level literacy, with ChatGPT producing the most complex texts, Gemini occasionally achieving more accessible outputs, and Copilot situated in an intermediate position.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LLMs may have potential as adjunctive tools for patient education in OLP, although they remain limited by incomplete information, inconsistent references, and suboptimal readability. Future research should incorporate longitudinal LLMs evaluations and training to develop models delivering accurate, accessible information, tailored to users' literacy levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.70334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T05:54:33Z","timestamp":1776750873000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Quality and Readability of Large Language Models' Responses to Oral Lichen Planus Patients'\n                    <scp>FAQs<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6717-8899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Polizzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery and Surgical\u2010Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry University of Catania  Catania Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4267-6992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaetano","family":"Isola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery and Surgical\u2010Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry University of Catania  Catania Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5080-5921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vito Carlo Alberto","family":"Caponio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Health and Health Professions Link Campus University  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2040-6617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan Roger","family":"Santos\u2010Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Diagnosis Department, Piracicaba Dental School University of Campinas  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, ORALMED Research Group, School of Dentistry Complutense University  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Medicine, Guy's &amp; St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (GSTT), guy's Hospital; Faculty of Dentistry, Oral &amp; Craniofacial Sciences King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8449-871X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vlaho","family":"Brailo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine University of Zagreb\u2010 School of Dental Medicine, University Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb  Zagreb Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3762-3474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arwa Mohammad","family":"Farag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences King Abdul Aziz University Faculty of Dentistry  Jeddah Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Oral Medicine Division Tufts University School of Dental Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3314-8613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda P\u00eda","family":"L\u00f3pez Jornet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Stomatology, Radiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Murcia, Hospital Morales Meseguer, Clinica Odontol\u00f3gica  Murcia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jairo","family":"Robledo Sierra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry CES University  Medellin Colombia"},{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas Peter","family":"Sollecito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9765-0012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongxia","family":"Dan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5349-1091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rcio","family":"Diniz Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Care Dentistry Unit University of Santiago de Compostela  Santiago de Compostela Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Bissonnette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology University of Montreal  Montreal Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paswach","family":"Wiriyakijja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry Chulalongkorn University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, ORALMED Research Group, School of Dentistry Complutense University  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5727-0920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa Mar\u00eda","family":"L\u00f3pez\u2010Pintor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, ORALMED Research Group, School of Dentistry Complutense University  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12382","article-title":"Hepatitis C Virus Infections in Oral Lichen Planus: A Systematic Review and meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"61","author":"Alaizari N.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Australian Dental Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.57795"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(68)90194-1","article-title":"Oral Lichen Planus. 1. 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