{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T06:24:41Z","timestamp":1787379881792,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Oral Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This narrative review critically assesses the clinical relevance of pharmacogenomics within dental genomics, distinguishing clinically actionable applications from emerging or investigational findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A targeted literature review was conducted in PubMed\/MEDLINE, Scopus and Embase for publications from January 2000 to March 2026. The search focused on gene\u2013drug interactions involving medications commonly prescribed or clinically relevant in dental care, including analgesics, NSAIDs, antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, antibiotics and local anaesthetics. Relevant guidelines, landmark studies and key reviews were also considered.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most genomic findings related to oral diseases provide biological insights but limited routine clinical utility. Conversely, selected pharmacogenomic determinants show clearer applicability. CYP2D6 variability is the most robust example, influencing codeine and tramadol efficacy and toxicity. CYP2C9 variants may affect NSAID safety, while CYP2C19, VKORC1 and CYP2C9 are relevant in patients receiving antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy. Other determinants, including SCN9A, CYP3A4\/5 and ABCB1, remain investigational. Drug\u2013drug interactions and phenoconversion further influence real\u2010world responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pharmacogenomics currently represents the most actionable area of dental genomics. Current evidence supports selective, scenario\u2010based integration, particularly in pain management, adverse drug reactions, polypharmacy and medically complex patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.70468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T06:04:18Z","timestamp":1787378658000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pharmacogenomics in Dentistry: From\n                    <scp>CYP<\/scp>\n                    \u2010Mediated Drug Response to Precision Prescribing in Oral Healthcare"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Pieretto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences University of Padua  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1977-9694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Cusato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Institute \u2013 IRCCS Candiolo  Candiolo Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences University of Torino  Torino Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5850-1491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Sansavini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6956-6227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Bacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences University of Padua  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","volume-title":"Odontogenesis","author":"Agler C. 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