{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T12:14:27Z","timestamp":1789560867594,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,15]],"date-time":"2014-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1405382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NRF-2012R1A1A1041454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2012R1A1A1041454"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Oral Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nasopharyngeal carriage of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>treptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (pneumococcus) plays an important role in the development of invasive diseases, and is also critically involved in setting up respiratory bacterial and viral infections. We previously reported that pneumococcus, one of the commonly carried bacteria in the nasopharynx, regulates non\u2010typeable <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>aemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\u2010induced inflammation by upregulating the expression of Toll\u2010like receptor 2 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>2). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>2 expression is regulated during pneumococcal infections have not yet been well characterized. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TBX<\/jats:styled-content>21 is an important transcription factor of adaptive immunity, but there is an increasing body of evidence pointing to a role in regulating innate immunity. The expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TBX<\/jats:styled-content>21 was reported in epithelial cells, but the expression and role of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TBX<\/jats:styled-content>21 in respiratory epithelium, especially for regulating <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>2, has not yet been studied. In this study, we found that pneumococcus upregulates <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TBX<\/jats:styled-content>21 expression in the respiratory epithelium. The effect of pneumococcus on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TBX<\/jats:styled-content>21 expression was dependent on its cytoplasmic toxin, pneumolysin. In addition, epithelial <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TBX<\/jats:styled-content>21 expression was not regulated by the gram\u2010negative bacterium non\u2010typeable <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>aemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>, peptidoglycan or endotoxin. Deficiency of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TBX<\/jats:styled-content>21 in mice or knocking down <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TBX<\/jats:styled-content>21 in epithelial cells suppressed pneumococcus\u2010induced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>2 expression, but not that of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>4 or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>9. These results indicate that the adaptive immune regulator <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TBX<\/jats:styled-content>21 participates in regulating innate immune responses, through regulation of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>2 expression during pneumococcal infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,5]],"date-time":"2014-06-05T16:41:52Z","timestamp":1401986512000},"page":"233-243","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["<scp>TBX<\/scp>21 participates in innate immune response by regulating Toll\u2010like receptor 2 expression in <i><scp>S<\/scp>treptococcus pneumoniae<\/i> infections"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"C.H.","family":"Woo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Yeungnam University College of Medicine Daegu 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