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We examined how the timing of microbial exposure alters bacterial colonization of the tooth surface. Germ\u2010free mice were conventionalized by exposure to specific pathogen\u2010free (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SPF<\/jats:styled-content>) mice to acquire a commensal microbiome over three distinct 4\u2010week periods, 0\u20104\u00a0weeks of age (Conv0\u20104w), 4\u20108\u00a0weeks (Conv4\u20108w), or 8\u201012\u00a0weeks (Conv8\u201012w). Bacterial <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> was extracted from the tooth surface and analyzed by 16S <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">rDNA<\/jats:styled-content> sequencing. Total bacteria and inflammatory cytokine expression in gingiva were determined by quantitative real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction. After co\u2010housing with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SPF<\/jats:styled-content> mice, Conv0\u20104w and Conv4\u20108w mice had low bacterial diversity, whereas Conv8\u201012w mice had high bacterial diversity that was similar to that of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SPF<\/jats:styled-content> donor mice, as determined by both operational taxonomic units and the Shannon Index. Cluster analysis with unweighted Unifrac distance also supported these trends. This was surprising as the amount of maturation time, 4\u00a0weeks, was equal in all conventionalized mice and tooth eruption was largely completed by 4\u00a0weeks. This suggests that host factors that occur after tooth eruption have a significant effect on the microbial tooth colonization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]],"date-time":"2017-08-04T11:13:26Z","timestamp":1501845206000},"page":"38-46","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Establishment of oral bacterial communities in germ\u2010free mice and the influence of recipient age"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Y.Y.","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"},{"name":"Department of Periodontics School of Dental Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA 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