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The multiple mechanisms of its protective function in the gut and on underlying diseases (including metabolic diseases, diseases of the nervous system, and osteoporosis) via interaction with intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells have been well documented. There are many butyrogenic bacteria in the oral cavity as well. As essential components of the oral microbiome, periodontal pathogens are also able to generate butyrate when undergoing metabolism. Considerable evidence has indicated that butyrate plays an essential role in the initiation and perpetuation of periodontitis. However, butyrate is considered to participate in the pro\u2010inflammatory activities in periodontal tissue and the reactivation of latent viruses. In this review, we focused on the production and biological impact of butyrate in both intestine and oral cavity and explained the possible pathway of various diseases that were engaged by butyrate. Finally, we suggested two hypotheses, which may give a better understanding of the significantly different functions of butyrate in different organs (i.e., the expanded butyrate paradox).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T21:28:06Z","timestamp":1604611686000},"page":"121-131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["A double\u2010edged sword: Role of butyrate in the oral cavity and the gut"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0205-5393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyuan","family":"Guan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing 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