{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T19:36:17Z","timestamp":1781811377498,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2402900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2402900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82170961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82170961"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82370970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82370970"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Oral Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Oral lichen planus (OLP) is one of the most common oral mucosal diseases, exhibiting a higher prevalence in women than men, but its pathogenesis is still unclear. Current research suggests that microbial dysbiosis may play an important role in the pathogenesis of OLP. Our previous research has found that the increase of <jats:italic>Prevotella melaninogenica<\/jats:italic> and decrease of <jats:italic>Streptococcus salivarius<\/jats:italic> have been identified as a potential pathogenic factor in OLP. Consequently, the objective of this study is to examine whether <jats:italic>S. salivarius<\/jats:italic> can counteract the detrimental effects of <jats:italic>P. melaninogenica<\/jats:italic> on the integrity of the epithelial barrier function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Epithelial barrier disruption was induced by <jats:italic>P. melaninogenica<\/jats:italic> in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). HaCaT cells were pretreated with <jats:italic>S. salivarius<\/jats:italic>(MOI\u00a0=\u00a020) or cell\u2010free supernatant for 3\u00a0h, followed by treatment with <jats:italic>P. melaninogenica<\/jats:italic> (MOI\u00a0=\u00a05) for 3\u00a0h. The epithelial barrier integrity of HaCaT cells was detected by FD4 permeability. The mRNA level of tight junction protein was detected by quantitative real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Immunofluorescence and Western Blot were used to detect the protein expression of zonula occludin\u20101 (ZO\u20101). The serial dilution\u2010spotting assay was applied to monitor the viability of <jats:italic>P. melaninogenica<\/jats:italic> at the end of 8 and 24\u00a0h incubation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Challenge by <jats:italic>P. melaninogenica<\/jats:italic> decreased the levels of tight junction proteins, including occludin, ZO\u20101, and claudin in HaCaT cells. <jats:italic>S. salivarius<\/jats:italic> or its cell\u2010free supernatant inhibited the down\u2010regulation of ZO\u20101 mRNA and protein expression levels induced by <jats:italic>P. melaninogenica<\/jats:italic> and thus improved the epithelial barrier function. The inhibitory effect of the cell\u2010free supernatant of <jats:italic>S. salivarius<\/jats:italic> on the growth of <jats:italic>P. melaninogenica<\/jats:italic> is associated with metabolic acid production rather than with bacteriocins and hydrogen peroxide.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results suggest that live <jats:italic>S. salivarius<\/jats:italic> or its cell\u2010free supernatant significantly ameliorated the disruption of epithelial tight junctions induced by <jats:italic>P. melaninogenica<\/jats:italic>, likely through the inhibition of <jats:italic>P. melaninogenica<\/jats:italic> growth mediated by metabolic acid production.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T08:18:03Z","timestamp":1714465083000},"page":"407-416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["<i>Streptococcus salivarius<\/i> ameliorates the destructive effect on the epithelial barrier by inhibiting the growth of <i>Prevotella melaninogenica<\/i> via metabolic acid production"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Pingyi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruru","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruowen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology Tongji University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9809-9472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University  Shanghai 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