{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T19:39:31Z","timestamp":1776109171471,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Oral Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the bacterium responsible for periodontitis, produces several pathogenic factors, including methyl mercaptan, which contribute to the disease. Kouboku (Magnoliaceae), a Chinese herbal medicine, has been shown to suppress methyl mercaptan production from\n                    <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of Kouboku on methyl mercaptan production, biofilm formation,\n                    <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010host cell interactions, and its potential synergistic antibacterial effect with antibiotics. Five standard and five clinically isolated\n                    <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains were evaluated. Methyl mercaptan production was measured using OralChroma. The mRNA expression of\n                    <jats:italic>mgl<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>fimA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which are involved in methyl mercaptan synthesis and adhesion molecules, was assessed using quantitative PCR. Biofilm formation by\n                    <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and epithelial cell adhesion were analyzed following treatment with or without Kouboku. Furthermore, the effects of the active ingredients of Kouboku, honokiol, and magnolol, on the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibiotics against\n                    <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    were determined. No significant differences were observed in the suppression of methyl mercaptan production among\n                    <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains with different FimA genotypes treated with Kouboku. Moreover, Kouboku inhibited biofilm formation in co\u2010cultures of\n                    <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , as well as the adhesion of\n                    <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    to gingival epithelial cells through the downregulation of\n                    <jats:italic>fimA<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Treatment with honokiol and magnolol reduced the MICs of ampicillin, gentamicin, erythromycin, and tetracycline against\n                    <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These findings demonstrate that Kouboku affects\n                    <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    by modulating its adhesion to other bacteria and host cells, and enhances the antibacterial activity of certain antibiotics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]],"date-time":"2025-03-02T05:46:39Z","timestamp":1740894399000},"page":"128-136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Suppressive Effects of Kouboku on Methyl Mercaptan Production and Biofilm Formation in\n                    <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Yuri","family":"Taniguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences Hiroshima University  Hiroshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6796-884X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuhisa","family":"Ouhara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences Hiroshima University  Hiroshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences Hiroshima University  Hiroshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7605-4721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikio","family":"Shoji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki University  Nagasaki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yitong","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences Hiroshima University  Hiroshima Japan"},{"name":"Department of Public Oral Health, Program of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences Hiroshima University  Hiroshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruoqi","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences Hiroshima University  Hiroshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryousuke","family":"Fujimori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences Hiroshima University  Hiroshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoya","family":"Kuwahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences Hiroshima University  Hiroshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Tamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences Hiroshima University  Hiroshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Matsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences Hiroshima University  Hiroshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noriyoshi","family":"Mizuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences Hiroshima University  Hiroshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345000790090501"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100765.2004.00719.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866\u2010022\u201002522\u20100"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"32","article-title":"La mauvaise haleine: Un Probl\u00e8me Multidisciplinaire [Halitosis: A Multidisciplinary Problem]","volume":"54","author":"Bollen C. 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