{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:22:46Z","timestamp":1793146966696,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82370970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82370970"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82170961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82170961"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Basic Research Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2402900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2402900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Oral Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a common T\u2010cell\u2010mediated chronic inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa. Different T\u2010cell subsets play distinct roles in the pathogenesis of OLP. This study aims to reveal the composition and heterogeneity of T cells in the immune microenvironment of OLP using single\u2010cell RNA sequencing (scRNA\u2010seq), thus providing new insights into the pathogenesis of OLP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Oral mucosal tissues were collected from three OLP patients and three healthy individuals for scRNA\u2010seq. Data were processed using R software for dimensionality reduction, clustering, annotation, proportion analysis, gene expression visualization, and pseudotime analysis. A chronic inflammation model was established by injecting\n                      <jats:italic>Prevotella melaninogenica<\/jats:italic>\n                      bacteria solution into the buccal mucosa of mice. RT\u2010qPCR was used to detect the expression levels of OLP\u2010related inflammatory factors (Tnf\u2010\u03b1, Il\u20101b, and Il\u20106) and the exhaustion marker Pd1. HE and immunofluorescence staining were employed to assess histopathological changes in oral mucosal tissues and the quantity of CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2010exhausted T cells (CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      Tex).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ScRNA\u2010seq results showed a significant increase in T cell numbers in the oral mucosal tissues of OLP patients compared to healthy individuals. The average expression levels of effector molecules (GZMB, PRF1, TNFA, IL2, and IFNG) in CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells were reduced. The number of CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      Tex significantly increased, and these cells were in the terminal stage of CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T\u2010cell differentiation, thereby expressing high levels of terminal\u00a0exhaustion\u2010related genes (PDCD1, LAG3, and TIGIT). Compared to the control group, the\n                      <jats:italic>P. melaninogenica<\/jats:italic>\n                      chronic inflammation group exhibited epithelial thickening and inflammatory cell infiltration in the lamina propria, with significantly upregulated expression of OLP\u2010related inflammatory factors and Pd1. Immunofluorescence staining revealed increased CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      Tex in the oral mucosa of OLP patients and\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>P. melaninogenica<\/jats:italic>\n                      mice model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During the pathogenesis of OLP, the overall ability of T cells to clear antigens is decreased, leading to an inadequate ability to promptly eliminate pathogens and infected cells, which may cause the chronicity of OLP inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T09:59:48Z","timestamp":1747216788000},"page":"147-157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Single\u2010Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Functional Exhaustion of T Cells in Oral Lichen Planus"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration &amp; Tongji Research Institute of Stomatology &amp; Department of Oral Mucosal Disease Shanghai Tongji Stomatological Hospital and Dental School Tongji University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin\u2010Wen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Technology Tongji University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruo\u2010Wen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration &amp; Tongji Research Institute of Stomatology &amp; Department of Oral Mucosal Disease Shanghai Tongji Stomatological Hospital and Dental School Tongji University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration &amp; Tongji Research Institute of Stomatology &amp; Department of Oral Mucosal Disease Shanghai Tongji Stomatological Hospital and Dental School Tongji University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping\u2010Yi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration &amp; Tongji Research Institute of Stomatology &amp; Department of Oral Mucosal Disease Shanghai Tongji Stomatological Hospital and Dental School Tongji University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai\u2010Lin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Technology Tongji University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9809-9472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration &amp; Tongji Research Institute of Stomatology &amp; Department of Oral Mucosal Disease Shanghai Tongji Stomatological Hospital and Dental School Tongji University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403\u2010016\u20101667\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00561"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1679"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010019\u201054615\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2016.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29186"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5430309"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14142"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203479"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753\u2010024\u201002112\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.21833"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12657"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood\u20102009\u201007\u2010235382"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100560.2011.01781.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385\u2010021\u201000413\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30476\/DENTJODS.2020.81804.0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2010.09.075"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adj3020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12568"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.13636"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345241304760"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020882"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100714.2010.00946.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22157821"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004030050234"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","first-page":"459","article-title":"The Role of Prevotella melaninogenica in Disrupting Epithelial Barrier Tight Junctions During the Pathogenesis of Oral Lichen Planus","volume":"42","author":"Tan Z. 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