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We recently demonstrated that\n                    <jats:italic>S. sputigena<\/jats:italic>\n                    binds to gingival epithelial cells (GECs), where afterwards the bacterium causes robust in vitro pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine production and migration of monocytes and neutrophils. Here, we report that extracellular adherent\n                    <jats:italic>S. sputigena<\/jats:italic>\n                    are subsequently internalized by GECs. Fluorescently labeled intracellular\n                    <jats:italic>S. sputigena<\/jats:italic>\n                    were observed in two gingival keratinocyte cell lines and primary cells. Oxygen\u2010killed\n                    <jats:italic>S. sputigena<\/jats:italic>\n                    was found within GECs at a similar rate to living bacteria, suggesting active protein synthesis is not required for internalization. Host\u2010cell actin polymerization was essential for the internalization of\n                    <jats:italic>S. sputigena<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Electron microscopy revealed that intracellular\n                    <jats:italic>S. sputigena<\/jats:italic>\n                    is located within a single membrane vesicle tightly wrapped around the bacterium which is decorated with LAMP1, indicating that\n                    <jats:italic>S. sputigena<\/jats:italic>\n                    is ultimately trafficked to a lysosome\u2010like vesicle. Although\n                    <jats:italic>S. sputigena<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNA was detectable within GECs, it rapidly decreased by 24 h post\u2010inoculation. This differed from bacterial morphology, which remained intact up to 48 h. Induction of\n                    <jats:italic>CXCL8<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression was concurrent with intracellular\n                    <jats:italic>S. sputigena<\/jats:italic>\n                    morphological integrity, suggesting that, while the bacteria are likely dead, bacterial macromolecules perpetuate inflammation in GECs. Collectively, this study demonstrates\n                    <jats:italic>S. sputigena<\/jats:italic>\n                    can be taken into gingival keratinocytes, where the bacterium induces inflammatory responses, but\n                    <jats:italic>S. sputigena<\/jats:italic>\n                    is ultimately processed by lysosomal machinery and is cleared from the intracellular niche in GECs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.70021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T08:14:40Z","timestamp":1768378480000},"page":"131-144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Outcome of Intracellular\n                    <i>Selenomonas sputigena<\/i>\n                    and its Impact on Gingival Keratinocytes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Colin G.","family":"Hawkes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Philips Institute for Oral Health Research Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Dentistry  Richmond Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Travis J.","family":"Chiarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doaa N.","family":"Abdallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grayson","family":"Way","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond Virginia USA"},{"name":"Richmond Veterans Affair Medical Center  Richmond Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiping","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond Virginia USA"},{"name":"Richmond Veterans Affair Medical Center  Richmond Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2778-5066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason A.","family":"Carlyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel P.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Philips Institute for Oral Health Research Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Dentistry  Richmond Virginia USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.174"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12362"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2009.0356"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17144923"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01972\u201025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201038346\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010019\u201055595\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(24)02811\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016972"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12296"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091339"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399\u2010302X.2005.00243.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12399"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034519880157"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100722.2010.00765.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522\u2010025\u201000735\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201049037\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eke P. 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