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The genome of\n                    <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and its close commensal species exhibits high interspecies recombination, an open\u2010pan genome, and a similar evolutionary origin. Mechanisms of natural competence are a highly regulated process driven by numerous molecular players at different stages. Natural competence in\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococci<\/jats:italic>\n                    drives the shift from commensal to pathogenic state.\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    acquires various virulence and antibiotic\u2010resistant genes (ARGs) via natural competence and also facilitates immune evasion, the emergence of multidrug\u2010resistant strains, and capsule switching between strains. Most reports indicated that the natural competence in\n                    <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a one\u2010way street process; however, a few studies have proved that it is a two\u2010way street process. The purpose of the current review is to elucidate (i) the genome of\n                    <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and its close relatives, (ii) the mechanism of HGT, (iii) HGT in\n                    <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and related commensal species, (iv) acquisition of drug\u2010resistance genes and virulence factors, and (v) the implication of HGT in competence\u2010driven gene transfer in IPD and interaction between host and pathogens.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.70041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T12:17:22Z","timestamp":1791375442000},"page":"281-292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pneumococcal\u2010Driven Genetic Competence: A Key Driver of Pathobiont Adaptation and Disease 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