{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T21:22:54Z","timestamp":1777584174924,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012553","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG6I0091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG6I0091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Older People Nursing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Family members often undertake caregiving responsibilities over long periods of time, which could lead to caregiving burden. A theory\u2010based and culturally sensitive learned resourcefulness program may help family caregivers mitigate stress by learning and using self\u2010help strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study's aim is to use rigorous methods to investigate the effects of a learned resourcefulness program called SOURCE (Chen et\u00a0al., <jats:italic>Geriatric Nursing<\/jats:italic>, 2021, 45, 1129) to reduce caregiver burden and improve quality of life (QOL) for family caregivers. SOURCE is an acronym for the six self\u2010help behaviors at the core of this theory\u2010based learned resourcefulness program, developed by the Principal Investigator (PI) in collaboration with other researchers (Chen et\u00a0al., <jats:italic>Geriatric Nursing<\/jats:italic>, 2021, 45, 1129). These behaviors are: seeking problem\u2010solving strategies, organizing daily actions, using self\u2010regulation, reframing positive situations, changing negative self\u2010thinking, and exploring new thinking and skills.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used a quasi\u2010experimental design with repeated measures for this study. The potential subjects were family caregivers whose family member was receiving home care. PI recruited 94 family caregivers (60\u2009years old or older) who were caring for disabled and\/or ill family members who also were 60\u2009years old or older and living at home at the time of the study. The PI recruited these caregivers through the home care services department of a hospital and two community healthcare centers in Taiwan. The experimental group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200946) received the four\u2010week in\u2010person SOURCE while their family member continued to receive home care services, whereas the control group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200948) did not receive the SOURCE program while their family member received home care services. We collected data from the participants using the Caregiver Burden Scale, EuroQol\u20105 Dimension, and Rosenbaum's Self\u2010Control Scale at baseline (T0, Week 1), after the intervention (T1, Week 5), and at follow\u2010up (T2, Week 9). We analyzed the data using paired\u2010sample <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010tests and used the generalized estimating equation method to compare paired data between the baseline and follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 94 recruited family caregivers, 90.4% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200985) completed the study. We found no significant differences between the experimental and control groups in terms of demographic, caregiver burden, and QOL variables at baseline. Compared to the control group, the experimental group had significantly improved caregiver burden scores (indicating a reduction in caregiver burden) at the end of the intervention and at follow\u2010up. The experimental group had significantly improved QOL scores at follow\u2010up only. The experimental group also showed high levels of adherence to and satisfaction with the intervention. The paired\u2010sample <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010test results show significantly improved learned resourcefulness between T0 and T1 and between T0 and T2 (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22125.84, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001; <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22126.77, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) for the experimental group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The SOURCE program helped family caregivers develop and use self\u2010help behaviors during their daily caregiving tasks. The family caregivers reported satisfaction with the program as well as reduced caregiver burden and improved QOL after the program ended.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Implications for practice<\/jats:title><jats:p>The SOURCE program can be implemented to improve family caregivers' caregiver burden and QOL. Community health nurses can improve self\u2010help abilities of family caregivers by helping them to acquire abilities and skills that allow them to effectively handle stress and reduce their caregiver burden.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opn.12588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]],"date-time":"2023-11-11T06:49:05Z","timestamp":1699685345000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["<scp>SOURCE<\/scp>, a learned resourcefulness program to reduce caregiver burden and improve quality of life for older family caregivers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3560-3907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng\u2010Chun","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing I\u2010Shou University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3849-5577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary Happel","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5402-4014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu\u2010Yuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.2157410.1111\/j.1447\u20100349.2012.00877.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/1541-6577.22.3.205"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/21466"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063\u2010016\u20101582\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929\u20106646(08)60078\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12071"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945914525280"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2021.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","unstructured":"Department of Household Registration Ministry of the Interior Republic of China (Taiwan). 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