{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T14:29:48Z","timestamp":1767796188568,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,28]],"date-time":"2012-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore the interocular differences in the temporal responses of the eyes induced by the monocular use of small\u2010aperture optics designed to aid presbyopes by increasing their depth\u2010of\u2010focus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Monocular and binocular pattern\u2010reversal visual evoked potentials (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VEP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s) were measured at a mean photopic field luminance of 30\u00a0cd\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      in seven normal subjects with either natural pupils or when the non\u2010dominant eye wore a small\u2010aperture contact lens (aperture diameter 1.5, 2.5 or 3.5\u00a0mm, or an annular opaque stop of inner and outer diameters 1.5 and 4.0\u00a0mm respectively). Responses were also measured with varying stimulus luminance (5, 13.9, 27.2 and 45\u00a0cd\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and a fixed 3.0\u00a0mm artificial pupil.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean natural pupil diameters were 4.7 and 4.4\u00a0mm under monocular and binocular conditions respectively. The small\u2010aperture contact lenses reduced the amplitude of the P100 component of the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VEP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and increased its latency. Inter\u2010ocular differences in latency rose to about 20\u201325\u00a0ms when the pupil diameter of the non\u2010dominant eye was reduced to 1.5\u00a0mm. The measurements with fixed pupil and varying luminance suggested that the observed effects were explicable in terms of the changes in retinal illuminance produced by the restrictions in pupil area.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The anisocoria induced by small\u2010aperture approaches to aid presbyopes produces marked interocular differences in visual latency. The literature of the Pulfrich effect suggests that such differences can lead to distortions in the perception of relative movement and, in some cases, to possible hazard.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,28]],"date-time":"2012-12-28T02:23:02Z","timestamp":1356661382000},"page":"123-129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Interocular differences in visual latency induced by reduced\u2010aperture monovision"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Sotiris","family":"Plainis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Vision and Optics School of Health Sciences, University of Crete Greece"},{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences University of Manchester Manchester 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