{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T04:25:35Z","timestamp":1780547135256,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,13]],"date-time":"2013-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1360713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Assessment of corneal sensory function is more frequently being carried out using novel non\u2010contact methods, which promise better stimulus control and a greater intensity range than more traditional techniques. An examination of the characteristics of the air\u2010jet stimulus of these \u2018non\u2010contact\u2019 aesthesiometers is important to enable an understanding of how these instruments stimulate the cornea. The purpose of this study was to model the air\u2010jet stimulus of the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRCERT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010Belmonte Aesthesiometer (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) and its interaction with the cornea.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A computerised simulation was used to model the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      stimulus and this model was then examined in the context of verbal descriptions of the supra\u2010threshold stimulus provided by 27 human subjects with normal corneas. The computational fluid dynamics model and the subjective descriptions considered\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      airflow values between 70 and 400\u00a0mL\u00a0min\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The computational fluid dynamics results showed that the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      air\u2010jet stimulus behaves as expected in terms of force exerted and stabilises and subsides quickly during the 1\u00a0s duration for which it is turned on\/off. The computer modelling demonstrated that the stimulus of the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      consists of a central core of air flow, similar in diameter to the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      nozzle, which exerts maximum pressure at the corneal apex. This core is surrounded by a less prominent zone of lower pressure, extending out to the corneal periphery at higher flow rates. The computer modelling results were confirmed by the subjective descriptions of intensity and corneal area stimulated, whereas relation to duration of sensation was more equivocal.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      probably stimulates sensory receptors over a greater area of the ocular surface compared to the traditional nylon filament aesthesiometer and may recruit neurons sensitive to additional stimulus modalities. Future computational models should also incorporate temperature as an important aspect of the corneal response. This study has effectively demonstrated that it is possible to create a virtual model of an air\u2010jet aesthesiometer stimulus using computational methods and that this model is corroborated by subjective descriptions provided by subjects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,13]],"date-time":"2013-02-13T22:26:23Z","timestamp":1360794383000},"page":"104-113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Understanding the stimulus of an air\u2010jet aesthesiometer: computerised modelling and subjective interpretation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Blanka","family":"Golebiowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"Vision CRC Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"May","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARC Centre of Excellence for Functional Nanomaterials School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Papas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"Vision CRC Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"Brien Holden Vision Institute Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Stapleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"Vision CRC Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.044024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1996.95001026.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"513","article-title":"Measurement of corneal sensitivity to mechanical and chemical stimulation with a CO2 esthesiometer","volume":"40","author":"Belmonte C","year":"1999","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8416"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00897-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2008.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-1734"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2011.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1998.00390.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Effect of bending of the nylon thread of the Cochet\u2013Bonnet aesthesiometer upon the recorded pressure","volume":"1","author":"Millodot M","year":"1967","journal-title":"The Contact Lens"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"L'Esthesie Corneenne. 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