{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T08:46:06Z","timestamp":1786869966644,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,4]],"date-time":"2013-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n \n Anterior segment optical coherent tomography (\n AS<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n OCT<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) is used to further examine previous reports that ciliary muscle thickness (\n CMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) is increased in myopic eyes. With reference to temporal and nasal\n CMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n , interrelationships between biometric and morphological characteristics of anterior and posterior segments are analysed for\n B<\/jats:styled-content>\n ritish\u2010\n W<\/jats:styled-content>\n hite and\n B<\/jats:styled-content>\n ritish\u2010\n S<\/jats:styled-content>\n outh\u2010\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n sian adults with and without myopia.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Data are presented for the right eyes of 62 subjects (\n B<\/jats:styled-content>\n ritish\u2010\n W<\/jats:styled-content>\n hite\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a039,\n B<\/jats:styled-content>\n ritish\u2010\n S<\/jats:styled-content>\n outh\u2010\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n sian\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a023, aged 18\u201340\u00a0years) with a range of refractive error (mean spherical error (\n MSE<\/jats:styled-content>\n (D)) \u22121.74\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.26; range \u221210.06 to +4.38) and separated into myopes (\n MSE<\/jats:styled-content>\n (D) <\u22120.50, range \u221210.06 to \u22120.56;\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a030) and non\u2010myopes (\n MSE<\/jats:styled-content>\n (D) \u2265\u22120.50, \u22120.50 to +4.38;\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a032). Temporal and nasal ciliary muscle cross\u2010sections were imaged using a Visante\n AS<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n OCT<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Using Visante software, manual measures of nasal and temporal\n CMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n (\n NCMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n TCMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n respectively) were taken in successive posterior 1\u00a0mm steps from the scleral spur over a 3\u00a0mm distance (designated\n NCMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n 1,\n TCMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n 1\n et seq<\/jats:italic>\n ). Measures of axial length and anterior chamber depth were taken with an\n IOLM<\/jats:styled-content>\n aster biometer.\n MSE<\/jats:styled-content>\n and corneal curvature (\n CC<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) measurements were taken with a\n S<\/jats:styled-content>\n hin\u2010\n N<\/jats:styled-content>\n ippon auto\u2010refractor. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine total ocular volume (\n OV<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) for 31 of the original subject group. Statistical comparisons and analyses were made using mixed repeated measures\n anova<\/jats:sc>\n s,\n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n earson's correlation coefficient and stepwise forward multiple linear regression.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n MSE<\/jats:styled-content>\n was significantly associated with\n CMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n , with thicker\n CMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2 and\n CMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n 3 being found in the myopic eyes (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.002). In non\u2010myopic eyes\n TCMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n 1,\n TCMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2,\n NCMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n 1 and\n NCMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2 correlated significantly with\n MSE<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n AL<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n OV<\/jats:styled-content>\n (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.05). In contrast, myopic eyes failed generally to exhibit a significant correlation between\n CMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n MSE<\/jats:styled-content>\n and axial length but notably retained a significant correlation between\n OV<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n TCMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2,\n TCMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n 3,\n NCMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2 and\n NCMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n 3 (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.05).\n OV<\/jats:styled-content>\n was found to be a significantly better predictor of\n TCMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2 and\n TCMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n 3 than\n AL<\/jats:styled-content>\n by approximately a factor of two (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.001). Anterior chamber depth was significantly associated with both temporal and nasal\n CMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2 and\n CMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n 3;\n TCMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n 1 correlated positively with\n CC<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Ethnicity had no significant effect on differences in\n CMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Increased\n CMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n is associated with myopia. We speculate that the lack of correlation in myopic subjects between\n CMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n and axial length, but not between\n CMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n OV<\/jats:styled-content>\n , is evidence that disrupted feedback between the fovea and ciliary apparatus occurs in myopia development.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,4]],"date-time":"2013-03-04T20:48:40Z","timestamp":1362430120000},"page":"294-304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Ocular biometric correlates of ciliary muscle thickness in human myopia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Hetal","family":"Buckhurst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Professions Peninsula Allied Health Centre Plymouth University Plymouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Gilmartin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life & Health Sciences Ophthalmic Research Group Aston University Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert P","family":"Cubbidge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life & Health Sciences Ophthalmic Research Group Aston University Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manbir","family":"Nagra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life & Health Sciences Ophthalmic Research Group Aston University Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola S","family":"Logan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life & Health Sciences Ophthalmic Research Group Aston University Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181c95a24"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5787"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318253de7e"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2008.178"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200106000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000252982"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2008.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-20000501-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"311","article-title":"Corneal topography and myopia. 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