{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T19:00:38Z","timestamp":1784055638798,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,12]],"date-time":"2013-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1368316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In chicks, ocular growth inhibition is associated with choroidal thickening and growth stimulation with choroidal thinning, suggesting a mechanistic link between the two responses. Because muscarinic antagonists inhibit the development of myopia in animal models by a non\u2010accommodative mechanism, we tested the hypothesis that agonists would stimulate eye growth and thin the choroid. We also hypothesized that the effective growth\u2010inhibiting antagonists would thicken the choroid.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Chicks, age 12\u201316\u00a0days, were used.\n                      <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      : Agonists: Single intravitreal injections (20\u00a0\u03bcL) of oxotremorine (oxo), pilocarpine (pilo), carbachol (carb), or arecaidine (arec) were given to otherwise untreated eyes. A\u2010scan ultrasonography was done prior to injections, and at 3, 24, 48 and 72\u00a0h. Antagonists: \u221210D lenses were worn on one eye for 4\u00a0days. Atropine (atro), pirenzepine (pirz), oxyphenonium (oxy) or dicyclomine (dicy) were injected (20\u00a0\u03bcL) daily into lens\u2010wearing eyes; saline injections were done as controls. Ultrasonography was done on d1 and on d4; on d4 measurements were done before and 3\u00a0h after injections.\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      : Paired eyecups of retinal pigment epithelium (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RPE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ), choroid and sclera were made from 1\u2010week old chicks. All drugs except atropine were tested on one eyecup, its pair in plain medium. Choroidal thickness was measured at various times over 48\u00a0h.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Agonists:\n                      <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      , oxotremorine caused an increase in the rate of axial elongation (drug vs saline: 24\u201372\u00a0h: 338\u00a0\u03bcm vs 250\u00a0\u03bcm;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). All except pilocarpine caused choroidal thinning by 24\u00a0h (oxo, carb and arec vs saline: \u221225, \u221235 and \u221246\u00a0\u03bcm vs 3\u00a0\u03bcm).\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , all agonists thinned choroids by 24\u00a0h (oxo: \u22126 vs 111\u00a0\u03bcm; pilo: 45 vs 212\u00a0\u03bcm; carb: \u221258 vs 65\u00a0\u03bcm; arec: 47 vs 139\u00a0\u03bcm;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05).\n                      <jats:italic>Antagonists<\/jats:italic>\n                      : Atropine, pirenzepine and oxyphenonium inhibited the development of myopia in negative lens\u2010wearing eyes, and also caused choroidal thickening (drug vs saline: 42, 80, 88 vs 10\u00a0\u03bcm per 3\u00a0h).\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , pirenzepine thickened choroids by 3\u00a0h (77 vs 2\u00a0\u03bcm,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Muscarinic agonists caused choroidal thinning in intact eyes and eyecups, supporting a role for acetylcholine in the choroidal response to hyperopic defocus or form deprivation. Only oxotremorine stimulated eye growth, which is inconsistent with a muscarinic receptor mechanism for antagonist\u2010induced eye growth inhibition. The dissociation between choroidal thinning and ocular growth stimulation for the other agonists\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      suggest separate pathways for the two.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,12]],"date-time":"2013-05-12T21:58:50Z","timestamp":1368395930000},"page":"245-256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Effects of muscarinic agents on chick choroids in intact eyes and eyecups: evidence for a muscarinic mechanism in choroidal thinning"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Debora L","family":"Nickla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Disease The New England College of Optometry Boston 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