{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T05:54:19Z","timestamp":1767851659798,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,18]],"date-time":"2013-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1387324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n To assess the validity of questionnaire use in the self\u2010identification of refractive status.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Two hundred and forty adults (21\u201360\u00a0years of age) presenting for a routine eye examination at various optometric practices in\n N<\/jats:styled-content>\n orthern\n I<\/jats:styled-content>\n reland were asked to complete one of two questionnaires. Both questionnaires used identical questions to ascertain age, gender, current spectacle use, age of first spectacle use and level of education. For the identification of refractive status,\n Q<\/jats:styled-content>\n uestionnaire 1 used layman's terminology whilst\n Q<\/jats:styled-content>\n uestionnaire 2 combined optometric terminology with descriptive explanations. Current refractive status was identified by the examining optometrist who did not see the completed questionnaire. The spherical equivalent refractive error of the non\u2010cycloplegic subjective refraction was used to categorise myopia as <0\n D<\/jats:styled-content>\n and hyperopia as \u2265+1.00\n D<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Astigmatism was defined according to two different criteria: \u22650.50\n DC<\/jats:styled-content>\n and \u22651.00\n DC<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Questionnaire 1 had a sensitivity of 0.63 and a specificity of 0.90 for identifying myopia; a sensitivity of 0.58 and a specificity of 0.71 for identifying hyperopia; a sensitivity of 0.12 and a specificity of 0.98 for identifying astigmatism \u22650.50\n DC<\/jats:styled-content>\n and a sensitivity of 0.19 and a specificity of 0.95 for identifying astigmatism \u22651.00\n DC<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Questionnaire 2 had a sensitivity of 0.83 and a specificity of 0.93 for identifying myopia; a sensitivity of 0.45 and a specificity of 0.86 for identifying hyperopia; a sensitivity of 0.32 and a specificity of 0.88 for identifying astigmatism \u22650.50\n DC<\/jats:styled-content>\n and a sensitivity of 0.50 and a specificity of 0.84 for identifying astigmatism \u22651.00\n DC<\/jats:styled-content>\n . For both questionnaires, altering a positive self\u2010identification of myopia to include only those who had worn spectacles prior to age 30 reduced the sensitivity and increased the specificity slightly.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Questionnaires are a valid tool in self\u2010identification of myopic refractive status. However, they are not an effective way of identifying hyperopia and astigmatism and objective or subjective refraction remains the most appropriate method of identifying such individuals.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,18]],"date-time":"2013-12-18T06:29:47Z","timestamp":1387348187000},"page":"346-352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["An investigation into the validity of self\u2010reported classification of refractive error"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Karen M. M.","family":"Breslin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences University of Ulster Coleraine UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"O'Donoghue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences University of Ulster Coleraine UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn J.","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences University of Ulster Coleraine UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580600943481"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.11.1679"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1996.01100130322017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-20010501-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510410035029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580490921296"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1097"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2011.00862.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702775"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199606000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.167965"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-3210"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.102277"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/140349489202000202"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199309000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31806dba75"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2012.09.006"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fopo.12113","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.12113","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:23:43Z","timestamp":1767785023000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/opo.12113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,18]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/opo.12113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.12113","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-09-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-11-21","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-12-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}