{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:59:44Z","timestamp":1790877584223,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,11]],"date-time":"2014-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1407715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the prevalence of keratoconus and some associated factors in the students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this cross sectional study, multistage cluster sampling was used to select the participants. All participants underwent retinoscopy, slit lamp examination, topography with the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u20104 and corneal assessment with the Orbscan\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . The diagnosis of keratoconus was based on both clinical evidence and the results of corneal imaging.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 1280 selected students, 1073 agreed to participate in the study, and of those who agreed, 1027 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. 42.5% of the study population was male with a mean age of 26.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.3\u00a0years. The prevalence of keratoconus was 2.5% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a026) (95% confidence interval,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      1.6\u20133.5). Eighteen students (69%) had bilateral keratoconus. Imaging of the cornea revealed that 70% of the keratoconics had nipple cones and the remaining had asymmetric bow\u2010tie patterns. The prevalence of keratoconus was not significantly associated with age or gender (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&gt;\u00a00.05). In a multiple logistic regression model, family history (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a011.4, 95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : 2.5\u201351.3) and eye rubbing (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a06.3, 95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : 1.6\u201324.3) were significantly correlated with keratoconus.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results taken together with recent studies in the area suggest that keratoconus may have a higher prevalence in the Middle East and Asia than in Western Countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,11]],"date-time":"2014-08-11T07:23:34Z","timestamp":1407741814000},"page":"519-527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["The prevalence of keratoconus in a young population in Mashhad, Iran"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Hassan","family":"Hashemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Noor Ophthalmology Research Center Noor Eye Hospital Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Khabazkhoob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Faculty of Public Health Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Negareh","family":"Yazdani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry School of Paramedical Sciences Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadi","family":"Ostadimoghaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry School of Paramedical Sciences Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Norouzirad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dezful University of Medical Sciences Dezful Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazem","family":"Amanzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noor Ophthalmology Research Center Noor Eye Hospital Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Miraftab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noor Ophthalmology Research Center Noor Eye Hospital Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akbar","family":"Derakhshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AbbasAli","family":"Yekta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry School of Paramedical Sciences Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.04.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702902"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Genetics and clinical characteristics of keratoconus","volume":"19","author":"Stabuc\u2010Silih M","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3182854774"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3182a0d014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.06.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2011.560747"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2007.00981.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039313"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(97)00119-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"407","article-title":"[Prevalence of keratoconus patients in Japan]","volume":"89","author":"Tanabe U","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nihon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(86)90817-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"[Epidemiology of keratoconus in the Urals]","volume":"114","author":"Gorskova EN","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vestn oftalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological features of keratoconus genetic and external factors in the pathogenesis of the disease","volume":"178","author":"Ihalainen A","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-9233.75876"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(00)00556-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2003.012872"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-008-0555-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2013.848458"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3889\/MJMS.1857-5773.2009.0034"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.074955"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2011.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-19950901-14","article-title":"Videokeratographic indices to aid in screening for keratoconus","volume":"11","author":"Rabinowitz YS","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Refract Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2011.03.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.11.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-19891101-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-010-1332-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31820cd61d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2010.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2000.154"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702692"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200303000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.84.8.834"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20080601-08","article-title":"Measure of keratoconus progression using Orbscan II","volume":"24","author":"Kim H","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Refract Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2003.tb03082.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-1549(03)00099-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000121711.58571.8d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318198384f"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.130294"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2006.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","article-title":"The Genetics of Keratoconus: a Review","author":"Wheeler J","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod Syst Sex Disord"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31828da95c"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460310001652211"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199101000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","first-page":"365","article-title":"[Estimation of patient visit rate and incidence of keratoconus in the 23 wards of Tokyo]","volume":"106","author":"Ota R","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181839b06"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-195901000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","first-page":"178","article-title":"Prevalence of keratoconus and corneal topography in young male subjects","volume":"35","author":"Santiago PY","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vision Res"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fopo.12147","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.12147","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:23:46Z","timestamp":1767785026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/opo.12147"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,11]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/opo.12147"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.12147","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-01-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-06-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-08-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}