{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:47:45Z","timestamp":1790642865211,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,24]],"date-time":"2014-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the prevalence of refractive errors and their distribution according to age and sex in a Brazilian population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This population\u2010based cross\u2010sectional study involved 7654 Brazilian inhabitants of nine municipalities of Sao Paulo State, Brazil, between March 2004 and July 2005. Participants aged &gt;1\u00a0year were selected using a random, stratified, household cluster sampling technique, excluding individuals with previous refractive or cataract surgery. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) \u2264\u22120.5D, high myopia as\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2264\u22123.0D, hyperopia as\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2265+0.5D, high hyperopia as\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2265+3D, astigmatism as \u2264\u20100.5\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and anisometropia as \u22651.0D difference between eyes. Age, sex, complaints and a comprehensive eye examination including cycloplegic refraction test were collected and analysed using descriptive analysis, univariate and multivariate methods.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of astigmatism was 59.7%, hyperopia 33.8% and myopia was 25.3%. Astigmatism had a progressive increase with age. With\u2010the\u2010rule (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WTR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) axes of astigmatism were more frequently observed in the young participants and the against\u2010the\u2010rule (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ATR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) axes were more frequent in the older subjects. The onset of myopia occurred more frequently between the 2nd and 3rd decades of life. Anisometropia showed a prevalence of 13.2% (95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      12.4\u201313.9;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). There was an association between age and all types of refractive error and hyperopia was also associated with sex. Hyperopia was associated with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WTR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      axes (odds ratio 0.73; 95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : 0.6\u20130.8;\n                      <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u00a00.001) and myopia with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ATR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      axes (odds ratio 0.66; 95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : 0.6\u20130.8;\n                      <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u00a00.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Astigmatism was the most prevalent refractive error in a Brazilian population. There was a strong relationship between age and all refractive errors and between hyperopia and sex.\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WTR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      astigmatism was more frequently associated with hyperopia and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ATR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      astigmatism with myopia. The vast majority of participants had low\u2010grade refractive error, which favours planning aimed at correction of refractive error in the population.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,24]],"date-time":"2014-10-24T01:44:12Z","timestamp":1414115052000},"page":"19-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Refractive errors in a Brazilian population: age and sex distribution"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Fabio H.","family":"Ferraz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Departament Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu Universidade estadual Paulista S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 E.","family":"Corrente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Departament Instituto 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