{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T04:50:38Z","timestamp":1778647838064,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]],"date-time":"2015-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1426550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is currently limited information about ethnic differences in myopia prevalence within mainland China, especially in rural or semi\u2010rural areas. We examined the prevalence of refractive errors, visual impairment and spectacle coverage in school children of varying ethnicity in Turpan, Xinjiang province.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A community eye care service was provided for five schools. Presenting monocular distance and near visual acuity (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ), and ocular alignment were assessed. Retinoscopy and cycloplegic subjective refraction were performed for participants with presenting visual impairment (distance\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      worse than 0.3 log\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ; Snellen 6\/12 or 20\/40) or abnormal binocular vision. Questionnaires administered prior to the eye examinations were used to collect information regarding personal lifestyle and parental myopia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 646 out of 690 (94%) subjects aged four to 19\u00a0years (11.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.6; mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0S.D.) completed the eye examination. Three hundred and eighty\u2010two (59%) of participants were of Uyghur ethnicity, followed by Han, 176 (27%) and Hui, 74 (12%). The mean age of Uyghur, Han and Hui students was 12.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.7, 11.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.6 and 11.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.3\u00a0years respectively, in which the Uyghur students were significantly older than the Han and Hui students (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>(3,631)<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a05.58\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). In total, 170 (27%) and 85 (13%) subjects failed the screening examination for one eye or both eyes, respectively. The prevalence of presenting visual impairment was not significantly different among the ethnic groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.26). After cycloplegic refraction, most subjects'\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (98%) improved to better than 0.3 log\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (Snellen 6\/12 or 20\/40). The prevalence of \u201cclinically\u2010significant myopia\u201d (\u2264\u22120.50 dioptres) was 27%, 18% and 13% in Han, Hui and Uyghur children, respectively (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). In contrast, Uyghur students had the highest prevalence of astigmatism (Uyghur 12%, Han 5%, Hui 4%). The overall spectacle coverage was 36%, while spectacle coverage among ethnic groups were similar (Han, 41%; Uyghur, 32%; Hui, 41%; \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a02.23, df\u00a0=\u00a02,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.33).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of clinically significant myopia varied markedly with ethnicity in school children sampled from a semi\u2010rural region of mainland China (Han &gt; Hui &gt; Uyghur). As reported previously, uncorrected\/under\u2010corrected refractive error was the main cause of presenting visual impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]],"date-time":"2015-03-17T20:24:43Z","timestamp":1426623883000},"page":"263-270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Prevalence of visual impairment and refractive errors among different ethnic groups in schoolchildren in\n                    <scp>T<\/scp>\n                    urpan,\n                    <scp>C<\/scp>\n                    hina"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Man Pan","family":"Chin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kar Ho","family":"Siong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ka Ho","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi Wai","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henry Ho Lung","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allen Ming Yan","family":"Cheong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation.Global data on visual impairment \u2013 2010 http:\/\/www.who.int\/blindness\/publications\/globaldata\/en\/ accessed 31\/8\/14."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-1051"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"634","article-title":"Association of insulin\u2010like growth factor\u20101 polymorphisms with high myopia in the Chinese population","volume":"18","author":"Zhuang W","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2011.00682.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.08.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5424"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181940719"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-1151"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01295-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30684-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopthalmol.2011.1773"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000096"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","first-page":"60","article-title":"A comparison of visual abilities, race and socio\u2010economic factors as predictors of academic achievement","volume":"12","author":"Maples W","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Behav Optom"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-42302010000400013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","first-page":"426","article-title":"Results from a pediatric vision screening and its ability to predict academic performance","volume":"71","author":"Krumholtz I","year":"2000","journal-title":"Optometry"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Visual factors that significantly impact academic performance","volume":"74","author":"Maples W","year":"2003","journal-title":"Optometry"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.041210"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.12.1717"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OPX.0000159362.48835.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580802399094"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0895"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1531"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11461"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(99)00094-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.194"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","unstructured":"Xinhua News Agency.China to popularize nine\u2010year compulsory education http:\/\/www.china.org.cn\/english\/2006\/Feb\/159585.htm accessed 1\/11\/14."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","unstructured":"Turpan elementary and middle school\u2010age children enrollment rate reached 100% http:\/\/www.tlf.gov.cn\/info\/360\/77412.htm accessed 1\/11\/14."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","unstructured":"Turpan.http:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%90%90%E9%B2%81%E7%95%AA%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA accessed 1\/11\/14."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.07.086"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-20010501-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.173187"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-9091"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.093450"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1451"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.121.8.1141"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2011.00884.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2008.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200401000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-197702000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000348"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","volume-title":"Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility: Theory and Management of Strabismus","author":"Noorden GK","year":"2002"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fopo.12193","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.12193","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:23:59Z","timestamp":1767785039000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/opo.12193"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/opo.12193"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.12193","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-10-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-12-16","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-03-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}