{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T07:33:11Z","timestamp":1781422391225,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,25]],"date-time":"2015-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1440460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Essilor International R&D"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n A recent randomised controlled trial indicated that providing long\u2010term multifocal wearers with a pair of distance single\u2010vision spectacles for use outside the home reduced falls risk in active older people. However, it also found that participants disliked continually switching between using two pairs of glasses and adherence to the intervention was poor. In this study we determined whether intermediate addition multifocals (which could be worn most of the time inside and outside the home and thus avoid continual switching) could provide similar gait safety on stairs to distance single vision spectacles whilst also providing adequate \u2018short\u2010term\u2019 reading and near vision.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Fourteen healthy long\u2010term multifocal wearers completed stair ascent and descent trials over a 3\u2010step staircase wearing intermediate and full addition bifocals and progression\u2010addition lenses (\n PAL<\/jats:styled-content>\n s) and single\u2010vision distance spectacles. Gait safety\/caution was assessed using foot clearance measurements (toe on ascent, heel on descent) over the step edges and ascent and descent duration. Binocular near visual acuity, critical print size and reading speed were measured using Bailey\u2010Lovie near charts and\n MNR<\/jats:styled-content>\n ead charts at 40\u00a0cm.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Gait safety\/caution measures were worse with full addition bifocals and\n PAL<\/jats:styled-content>\n s compared to intermediate bifocals and\n PAL<\/jats:styled-content>\n s. The intermediate\n PAL<\/jats:styled-content>\n s provided similar gait ascent\/descent measures to those with distance single\u2010vision spectacles. The intermediate addition\n PAL<\/jats:styled-content>\n s also provided good reading ability: Near word acuity and\n MNR<\/jats:styled-content>\n ead critical print size were better with the intermediate addition\n PAL<\/jats:styled-content>\n s than with the single\u2010vision lenses (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.0001), with a mean near visual acuity of 0.24\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.13 log\n MAR<\/jats:styled-content>\n (~N5.5) which is satisfactory for most near vision tasks when performed for a short period of time.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n The better ability to \u2018spot read\u2019 with the intermediate addition\n PAL<\/jats:styled-content>\n s compared to single\u2010vision spectacles suggests that elderly individuals might better comply with the use of intermediate addition\n PAL<\/jats:styled-content>\n s outside the home. A lack of difference in gait parameters for the intermediate addition\n PAL<\/jats:styled-content>\n s compared to distance single\u2010vision spectacles suggests they could be usefully used to help prevent falls in older well\u2010adapted full addition\n PAL<\/jats:styled-content>\n wearers. A randomised controlled trial to investigate the usefulness of intermediate multifocals in preventing falls seems warranted.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,25]],"date-time":"2015-08-25T20:23:02Z","timestamp":1440534182000},"page":"60-68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Intermediate addition multifocals provide safe stair ambulation with adequate \u2018short\u2010term\u2019 reading"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"David B.","family":"Elliott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bradford School of Optometry and Vision Science University of Bradford Bradford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hotchkiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bradford School of Optometry and Vision Science University of Bradford Bradford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Scally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health Professions and Sport Faculty of Health Studies University of Bradford Bradford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Group Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Technology Nottingham Trent University Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John G.","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Bradford Bradford 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