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At each visit, ocular biometry was measured with the LenStar biometer (\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.Haag-Streit.com\">www.Haag-Streit.com<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ) in response to 0.00, 3.00 and 4.50 D stimuli. Accommodative responses were measured by the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WAM<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      5500 Auto Ref\/Keratometer (\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.grandseiko.com\">www.grandseiko.com<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      During accommodation, anterior chamber depth reduced (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 29,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), whereas crystalline lens thickness (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 39,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and axial length (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 5.4,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.009) increased. The accommodative response (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 5.5,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001) and the change in anterior chamber depth (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 3.1,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.039), crystalline lens thickness (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 3.0,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.042) and axial length (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 2.5,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.038) in response to the 4.50 D accommodative target reduced after 2.5 years. However, the change in anterior chamber depth (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 2.2,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.097), crystalline lens thickness (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1.7,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.18) and axial length (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1.0,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.40) per dioptre of accommodation exerted remained invariant after 2.5 years. The increase in disaccommodated crystalline lens thickness with age was not significantly associated with the reduction in accommodative response (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.32,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.17).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite significant age\u2010related structural changes in disaccommodated biometry, the change in biometry per dioptre of accommodation exerted remained invariant with age. The present study supports the Helmholtz theory of accommodation and suggests an increase in lenticular stiffness is primarily responsible for the onset of presbyopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,2]],"date-time":"2015-10-02T22:48:46Z","timestamp":1443826126000},"page":"33-42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A longitudinal study of accommodative changes in biometry during incipient presbyopia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Deborah S.","family":"Laughton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmic Research Group Life &amp; Health Sciences Aston University Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy L.","family":"Sheppard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmic Research Group Life &amp; Health Sciences Aston University Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leon N.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmic Research Group Life &amp; 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