{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T19:50:34Z","timestamp":1792353034618,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,17]],"date-time":"2015-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1447718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Melbourne Early Career Researcher Grant"},{"name":"Kaye Merlin Brutton Bequest"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We consider whether quantification of ocular bulbar redness, using image processing of relative Red\u2010channel activity (Red\u2010value), can be applied to a clinical sample and how this approach compares to an automated bulbar redness grading technique (Oculus Keratograph 5M, R\u2010scan).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Red\u2010values from dry eye patients (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 25) were determined using image processing of digital photographs over the nasal bulbar conjunctiva. Red\u2010values were compared with subjective grades from six clinicians who graded the images using the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IER<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      scale. We considered the level of agreement between the Red\u2010value and automated bulbar redness scores from the commercial instrument (R\u2010scan). Scoring variability for each technique was assessed using the geometric coefficient of variation (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">gCoV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , %). Agreement between techniques was considered with Bland\u2010Altman analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Red\u2010values showed a strong linear relationship (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 0.99) to the R\u2010scan. The Red\u2010value had least variability (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">gCoV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      = 0.97%, 95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : 0.76\u20131.35%). The\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IER<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      grade showed a linear relationship with Red\u2010value (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 0.99), bound by a floor effect; it did not discriminate changes in redness below a threshold of 1.75 units (Red\u2010value = 33.0%), after which it paralleled the redness returned by the R\u2010scan. Intra\u2010method variability for the redness returned by the R\u2010scan (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">gCoV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      = 9.84%, 95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : 7.60\u201313.94%) and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IER<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      grades (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">gCoV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      = 7.30%, 95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : 1.73\u201310.31%) was similar (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt; 0.05). Bland\u2010Altman analysis showed the R\u2010scan was consistently biased towards lower absolute redness scores than the IER.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Digital imaging processing, using relative Red\u2010channel activity, was the least variable of the three techniques. The R\u2010scan and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IER<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      showed similar intra\u2010observer variability. The linear relationship between R\u2010scan and Red\u2010value suggests that the R\u2010scan could be derived using similar methods.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,17]],"date-time":"2015-11-17T09:00:50Z","timestamp":1447750850000},"page":"132-139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Assessing ocular bulbar redness: a comparison of methods"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Laura E.","family":"Downie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences University of Melbourne Parkville Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter R.","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences University of Melbourne Parkville Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Algis J.","family":"Vingrys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences University of Melbourne Parkville Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"687","article-title":"Key factors in the subjective and objective assessment of conjunctival erythema","volume":"41","author":"Papas EB","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200008033430507"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00130832-200410000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2007.00171.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31826a04dd"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S39703"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000087"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1367-0484(02)00062-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198704000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1306"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181ce07f1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-7006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","volume-title":"Grading Scales","author":"Cornea and Contact Lens Research Unit (CCLRU)","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199303000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.045534"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12217"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199609000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2006.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"340","article-title":"Automated measurement of bulbar redness","volume":"43","author":"Fieguth P","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181bb4225"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.5.615"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1504"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","unstructured":"Oculus Optikger\u00e4te GmbH.User Guide \u2010 Oculus Keratograph 5M 2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","first-page":"422","article-title":"Clinical grading and the effects of scaling","volume":"32","author":"Bailey IL","year":"1991","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31815b9dfc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200030010-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073990"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000513"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2007.00534.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2012-303014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15318"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CarpenteA RamosL BarreiraN PenedoMG Pena\u2010VerdealH&GiraldezMJ.On the Automation of the Tear Film Non\u2010invasive Break\u2010up Test. Computer\u2010Based Medical Systems (CBMS) 2014 IEEE 27th International Symposium.New York NY:IEEE;2014:185\u2013188.","DOI":"10.1109\/CBMS.2014.54"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1174"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20140815-02"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12904"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702295"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1999.00420.x-i1"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fopo.12245","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.12245","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:24:15Z","timestamp":1767785055000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/opo.12245"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,17]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/opo.12245"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.12245","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-05-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-08-07","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-11-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}