{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T10:55:38Z","timestamp":1773140138863,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,2]],"date-time":"2015-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81400435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81400435"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81502824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81502824"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20141027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20141027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To determine the prevalence and possible causes for reduced visual acuity (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) in preschool children in a metropolis in China.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A school\u2010based paediatric eye survey including 5862 preschool children aged three to 6\u00a0years was conducted from 2011 to 2012 in Yuhuatai District, Nanjing, China, using an age\u2010stratified random sampling procedure. Clinical examinations including ocular alignment, ocular motility, visual acuity, prism cover test, cycloplegic refraction, stereopsis screening, slit lamp examination and fundus examination were performed by trained study ophthalmologists and optometrists. Reduced\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      was defined as presenting\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      of worse than 0.30 log\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (Snellen 6\/12 or 20\/40), for both better and worse eyes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      5667 (94.8%) children with complete\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      data were included in the data analyses. Among them, 208 and 93 had reduced\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      in the worse and better eye, respectively. Reduced\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      was detected in 3.7% (95% confidence interval [\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ] 3.2%\u20134.2%) in the worse eye and 1.6% (95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      1.3%\u20132.0%) in the better eye. No significant age and gender differences in reduced\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      were observed (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&gt;\u00a00.05). Refractive errors and amblyopia were the principal causes for reduced\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      in the worse eye which accounted for 66.8% and 32.7% of the total cases with reduced\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , respectively. Astigmatism and hyperopia were the major types of refractive errors causing reduced\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The burden of reduced\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      in preschool children in China was similar to that of Asian children of similar ages in the United States. Uncorrected refractive error and amblyopia were the principal causes for reduced\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      among preschoolers (aged three to 6\u00a0years) in China.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,2]],"date-time":"2015-10-02T22:39:28Z","timestamp":1443825568000},"page":"152-157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Prevalence and causes of reduced visual acuity among children aged three to six years in a metropolis in China"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Chen\u2010Wei","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases School of Public Health Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuejuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Children's Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital Wuxi China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital of Yuhuatai District Nanjing 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