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Accommodation was induced pharmacologically (humans) or by central electrical stimulation (monkeys). Ultrasound biomicroscopy was used to image intraocular structures in both species. Surgical procedures and contrast agents were utilized in the monkey eyes to elucidate function and allow visualization of the intraocular accommodative structures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Human: The posterior pole of the lens moves posteriorly during accommodation in proportion to accommodative amplitude and ciliary muscle movement. Monkey: Similar accommodative movements of the posterior lens pole were seen in the monkey eyes. Following extracapsular lens extraction (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECLE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ), the central capsule bows backward during accommodation in proportion to accommodative amplitude and ciliary muscle movement, while the peripheral capsule moves forward. During accommodation the ciliary muscle moved forward by ~1.0\u00a0mm, pulling forward the vitreous zonule and the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVZ INS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      structure. During the accommodative response the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVZ INS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      structure moved forward when the lens was intact and when the lens substance and capsule were removed. In both the monkey and the human eyes these movements declined with age.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The accommodative shape change of the central capsule may be due to the elastic properties of the capsule itself. For these capsule\/lens accommodative posterior movements to occur, the vitreous face must either allow for it or facilitate it. The\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVZ INS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      structure may act as a \u2018strut\u2019 to the posterior lens equator (pushing the lens equator forward) and thereby facilitate accommodative forward lens equator movement and lens thickening. The age\u2010related posterior restriction of the ciliary muscle, vitreous zonule and the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVZ<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">INS LE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      structure dampens the accommodative lens shape change. Future descriptions of the accommodative mechanism, and approaches to presbyopia therapy, may need to incorporate these findings.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,5]],"date-time":"2016-01-05T11:14:23Z","timestamp":1451992463000},"page":"21-32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Accommodative movements of the lens\/capsule and the strand that extends between the posterior vitreous zonule insertion zone &amp; the lens equator, in relation to the vitreous face and aging"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Mary Ann","family":"Croft","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison 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