{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T18:42:36Z","timestamp":1776883356247,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,27]],"date-time":"2015-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore the effect of small\u2010aperture optics, designed to aid presbyopes by increasing ocular depth\u2010of\u2010focus, on measurements of the visual field.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Simple theoretical and ray\u2010tracing models were used to predict the impact of different designs of small\u2010aperture contact lenses or corneal inlays on the proportion of light passing through natural pupils of various diameters as a function of the direction in the visual field. The left eyes of five healthy volunteers\u00a0were tested using three afocal, hand\u2010painted opaque soft contact lenses (\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.davidthomas.com\">www.davidthomas.com<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ). Two were opaque over a 10\u00a0mm diameter but had central clear circular apertures of 1.5 and 3.0\u00a0mm in diameter. The third had an annular opaque zone with inner and outer diameters of 1.5 and 4.0\u00a0mm, approximately simulating the geometry of the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KAMRA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      inlay (\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.acufocus.com\">www.acufocus.com<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ). A\u00a0fourth, clear lens was used for comparison purposes. Visual fields along the horizontal meridian were evaluated up to 50\u00b0 eccentricity with static\u00a0automated perimetry (Medmont M700, stimulus Goldmann\u2010size\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">III<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ;\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.medmont.com\">www.medmont.com<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>According to ray\u2010tracing, the two lenses with the circular apertures were expected to reduce the relative transmittance of the pupil to zero at specific field angles (around 60\u00b0 for the conditions of the experimental measurements). In contrast, the annular stop had no effect on the absolute field but relative transmittance was reduced over the central area of the field, the exact effects depending upon the natural pupil diameter. Experimental results broadly agreed with these theoretical expectations. With the 1.5 and 3.0\u00a0mm pupils, only minor losses in sensitivity (around 2\u00a0dB) in comparison with the clear\u2010lens case occurred across the central 10\u00b0 radius of field. Beyond this angle, sensitivity losses increased, to reach about 7\u00a0dB at the edge of the measured field (50\u00b0). The field results with the annular stop showed at most only a slight loss in sensitivity (\u22643\u00a0dB) across the measured field.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The present theoretical and experimental results support earlier clinical findings that\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KAMRA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010type annular stops, unlike circular artificial pupils, have only minor effects on measurements of the visual field.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,5]],"date-time":"2016-01-05T11:14:23Z","timestamp":1451992463000},"page":"51-59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Do small\u2010aperture presbyopic corrections influence the visual field?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"David A.","family":"Atchison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health &amp; Biomedical Innovation, School of Optometry &amp; Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stella","family":"Blazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Vision and Optics University of Crete Heraklion Crete Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marwan","family":"Suheimat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health &amp; Biomedical Innovation, School of Optometry &amp; Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sotiris","family":"Plainis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Vision and Optics University of Crete Heraklion Crete Greece"},{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences University of Manchester Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. Neil","family":"Charman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences University of Manchester Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Presbyopia: a new potential pharmacological treatment","volume":"1","author":"Benozzi J","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-195207000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"Implantable inlay devices for presbyopia: the evidence to date","volume":"9","author":"Arlt E","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin 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