{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T20:52:54Z","timestamp":1788555174286,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,18]],"date-time":"2016-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1455753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"NHMRC Translating Research into Practice (TRIP)","award":["APP1091833"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1091833"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The aim of this study was to compare the self\u2010reported clinical practice behaviours of optometrists in Australia and the United Kingdom (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UK<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) with respect to the diagnosis and management of dry eye disease (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DED<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ). We also sought to examine whether the reported practices of clinicians in each region were consistent with current evidence\u2010based recommendations for\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DED<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An online survey was distributed to optometrists (Australia,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0654;\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UK<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01006). Respondents provided information about practice modality, years of optometric experience, preferred diagnostic and management strategies (stratified by\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DED<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      severity) and the information\/evidence base used to guide patient care.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 317 completed surveys were received (response rates, Australia: 21%,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UK<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : 17%). Optometrists in both regions demonstrated similarly strong knowledge of tear film assessment and adopted both subjective and objective techniques to diagnose\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DED<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . Patient symptoms were considered the most important, valuable and commonly performed assessment by both Australian and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UK<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      respondents.\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UK<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      practitioners valued and utilised conjunctival signs and tear meniscus height assessments more than Australian optometrists (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05), who placed relatively greater emphasis on sodium fluorescein tear break\u2010up time to diagnose\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DED<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Clinicians in both locations tailored\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DED<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      therapy to severity. While practitioners in both regions predominantly managed mild\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DED<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      with eyelid hygiene and tear supplementation, Australian optometrists indicated prescribing topical corticosteroid therapy significantly more often than\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UK<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      practitioners for moderate (14% vs 6%) and severe (52% vs 8%) disease (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). The major source of information used to guide practitioners\u2019 dry eye management practices was continuing education conferences.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study highlights a range of parallels and divergences in dry eye clinical practice between Australian and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UK<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      optometrists. Our data identify both areas of strength in the adoption of evidence\u2010based practice, as well as some potential to improve international translation of dry eye research evidence into practice.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,20]],"date-time":"2016-02-20T02:51:20Z","timestamp":1455936680000},"page":"140-151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Comparing self\u2010reported optometric dry eye clinical practices in Australia and the United Kingdom: is there scope for practice improvement?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Laura E.","family":"Downie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences University of Melbourne Parkville Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Rumney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Health Sciences Aston University Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Gad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences University of Melbourne Parkville Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter R.","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences University of Melbourne Parkville Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Purslow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Sciences Cardiff University Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Algis J.","family":"Vingrys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences University of Melbourne Parkville Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00462-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000721"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000653"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000133997.07144.9e"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70083-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2011.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2014.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-304619"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PultH.Dry Eye Tool Box.2014 http:\/\/www.heiko-pult.de\/international.html-a1346 accessed 10 August 2015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2014.11.112"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000087"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2005.01026.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000246573"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181605b95"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200007000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics.Document 1216.0 \u2013 Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) 2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","unstructured":"New Geography Codes and Naming Policy from 1 January 2011 2011 http:\/\/neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk\/HTMLDocs\/nessgeography\/new-geography-codes-and-naming-policy-from-1-January-2011.htm accessed 10\/08\/15."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182231b1a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","first-page":"512","article-title":"Key questions in a dry eye history","volume":"57","author":"McMonnies CW","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. 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