{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T11:23:38Z","timestamp":1789039418022,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,21]],"date-time":"2016-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Northern Ireland Health & Social Care Research"},{"name":"Development office for Northern Ireland","award":["EAT\/4197\/09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAT\/4197\/09"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n \n Autistic Spectrum Disorder (\n ASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by impairment of communication, social interaction and repetitive behaviours. Only a small number of studies have investigated fundamental clinical measures of vision including refractive error. The aim of this study was to describe the refractive profile of a population of children with\n ASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n compared to typically developing (\n TD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) children.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Refractive error was assessed using the Shin\u2010Nippon\n NV<\/jats:styled-content>\n ision\u2010K 5001 open\u2010field autorefractor following the instillation of cyclopentolate hydrochloride 1% eye drops.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 128 participants with\n ASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n (mean age 10.9 \u00b1 3.3 years) and 206 typically developing participants (11.5 \u00b1 3.1 years) were recruited. There was no significant difference in median refractive error, either by spherical equivalent or most ametropic meridian between the\n ASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n TD<\/jats:styled-content>\n groups (Spherical equivalent, Mann\u2013Whitney\n U<\/jats:italic>\n 307<\/jats:sub>\n = 1.15,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.25; Most Ametropic Meridian,\n U<\/jats:italic>\n 305<\/jats:sub>\n = 0.52,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.60). Median refractive astigmatism was \u22120.50\n DC<\/jats:styled-content>\n (range 0.00 to \u22123.50\n DC<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) for the\n ASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n group and \u22120.50\n DC<\/jats:styled-content>\n (Range 0.00 to \u22122.25\n DC<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) for the\n TD<\/jats:styled-content>\n group. Magnitude and prevalence of refractive astigmatism (defined as astigmatism \u22651.00\n DC<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) was significantly greater in the\n ASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n group compared to the typically developing group (\n ASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n 26%,\n TD<\/jats:styled-content>\n 8%, magnitude\n U<\/jats:italic>\n 305<\/jats:sub>\n = 3.86,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.0001; prevalence (\n \n ,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.0001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n This is the first study to describe the refractive profile of a population of European Caucasian children with\n ASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n compared to a\n TD<\/jats:styled-content>\n population of children. Unlike other neurodevelopmental conditions, there was no increased prevalence of spherical refractive errors in\n ASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n but astigmatic errors were significantly greater in magnitude and prevalence. This highlights the need to examine refractive errors in this population.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,21]],"date-time":"2016-02-21T18:59:19Z","timestamp":1456081159000},"page":"395-403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Profile of refractive errors in European Caucasian children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder; increased prevalence and magnitude of astigmatism"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Pamela M.","family":"Anketell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthoptic Department Royal Victoria Hospital Belfast UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn J.","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision Science Research Group School of Biomedical Sciences University of Ulster Coleraine UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Ulster Coleraine UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Paediatrics Northern Health and Social Care Trust Antrim UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie\u2010Anne","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision Science Research Group School of Biomedical Sciences University of Ulster Coleraine UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.086280"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01531288"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69041-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.38"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.176040"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.01.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.02.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318031b6ac"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12193"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117349"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.11.1625"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200410000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.06.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Accommodation and refractive error in children with down syndrome: cross\u2010sectional and longitudinal studies","volume":"42","author":"Cregg M","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4670"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2013.11.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199206000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-3077.134042"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1475-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","unstructured":"Department of Education Northern Ireland. 2002. The education of children and young people with autistic spectrum disorders. Report of the Task Group on Autism. Available athttp:\/\/www.deni.gov.uk\/index\/facts-and-figures-new\/departmental-publications\/special_educational_needs_-_reports_and_publications-newpage-2\/special_educational_needs_-_reports_and_publications-newpage-4.htm accessed 23\/1\/2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.03.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.01.084"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12642"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","first-page":"320e4","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of the Shin\u2010Nippon NVision\u2010K 5001 autorefractor","volume":"80","author":"Davies LN","year":"2003","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2010.185009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.167965"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-11813"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6100"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0525"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.72.2.145"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00222-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","first-page":"88","article-title":"Astigmatism in children: changes in axis and amount from birth to six years","volume":"25","author":"Gwiazda J","year":"1984","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2007.00112.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199710000-00023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.82.7.793"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181a59d5d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","first-page":"389","article-title":"Ophthalmologic complications of meningomyelocele: a longitudinal study","volume":"88","author":"Biglan AW","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162206001794","article-title":"Vision in children with hydrocephalus","volume":"48","author":"Andersson S","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-1018-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fopo.12286","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.12286","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:24:22Z","timestamp":1767785062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/opo.12286"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,21]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/opo.12286"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.12286","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-11-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-01-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-02-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}