{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T18:40:42Z","timestamp":1776883242234,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,4]],"date-time":"2016-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad","award":["FIS2012-30820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS2012-30820"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Non\u2010uniform magnification (distortion) and dioptric blur are two major undesired optical defects affecting vision when looking through progressive addition lenses (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s) and studying them is potentially very valuable for\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      design. The major purpose of this paper is to analyse the relationship between dioptric power and magnification and, additionally, to evaluate the expected values of distortion and dioptric blur typically present in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s. This has not been carefully and rigorously analysed to date.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We computed the local dioptric and magnification matrices (using a two\u2010ray differential method) for different gaze directions in an archetypical model of a\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . We used four different maps: scalar magnification and anamorphic distortion, to describe magnification, and mean power and astigmatism, to describe dioptric power.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There is a good correlation between scalar magnification and mean power on the one hand, and anamorphic distortion and astigmatism on the other hand. Changes of 1 D in mean power are associated with variations in scalar magnification of around 3%. Also, 3% of anamorphic distortion is associated with increasing astigmatism up to 1 D. The directions of maximal power and maximal magnification are quite similar, though not equal (differences up to \u00b1 1.5\u00b0). These directions strongly change from close to isotropic at the intermediate corridor to around 45\u00b0 of oblique inclination for a few degrees of horizontal eye rotation. In typical\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s the level of distortion, which is unavoidably present when dioptric blurring appears, is small for usable vision zones (below 1 D of astigmatism).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The combined analysis of dioptric power and magnification in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s helps to understand their limitations as a visual aid. On the one hand, the potentials of including distortion magnitude as a target in the metric function being optimised in the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      design are reduced; on the other hand, it seems worthwhile to explore adding the degradation orientation as an additional target.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,4]],"date-time":"2016-05-04T22:22:43Z","timestamp":1462400563000},"page":"421-427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The relationship between dioptric power and magnification in progressive addition lenses"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Sergio","family":"Barbero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de \u00d3ptica (CSIC) Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Portilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de \u00d3ptica (CSIC) Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2014.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn729"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","volume-title":"Vision Science and its Applications, OSA Technical Digest","author":"Gresset J","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"491","volume-title":"Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality, SPIE","author":"Faubert J","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"359","volume-title":"Three\u2010Dimensional Television, Video and Display Technologies","author":"Faubert J","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2010.00807.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","volume-title":"Researches in Binocular Vision","author":"Ogle KN","year":"1950"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Academy of Optometry and Optics","author":"Guilloux C","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","unstructured":"KazutoshiK&HiroyukiM.Progressive spectacle lens with progressive surface and correction of astigmatism provided on the rear side of the lens. 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