{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T17:16:55Z","timestamp":1772212615087,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,28]],"date-time":"2016-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008303","name":"Department for Employment and Learning","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["00651539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00651539"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008303","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n \n Conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (\n CUVAF<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) has been used in previous Southern Hemisphere myopia research as a marker for time spent outdoors. The validity of\n CUVAF<\/jats:styled-content>\n as an indicator of time spent outdoors is yet to be explored in the Northern Hemisphere. It is unclear if\n CUVAF<\/jats:styled-content>\n represents damage attributed to\n UV<\/jats:styled-content>\n exposure or dry eye. This cross\u2010sectional study investigated the association between\n CUVAF<\/jats:styled-content>\n measures, self\u2010reported time spent outdoors and measures of dry eye.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Participants were recruited from University staff and students (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a050, 19\u201364\u00a0years; mean 41). None were using topical ocular medications (with the exception of dry eye treatments). Sun exposure and dry eye questionnaires (Ocular Surface Disease Index and McMonnies) were completed by the participant. Dryness was also assessed using slit lamp biomicroscopy and invasive tear break up time. Images of the temporal and nasal conjunctiva from the right and left eye were captured using a bespoke photography system. The total\n CUVAF<\/jats:styled-content>\n area, average\n CUVAF<\/jats:styled-content>\n pixel intensity per mm\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n and total\n CUVAF<\/jats:styled-content>\n pixel intensity were analysed using\n MATLAB<\/jats:styled-content>\n R2013a (The MathWorks Inc).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Of the 50 participants, 42% were classified as having dry eye. Self\u2010reported sunglasses use was negatively associated with all\n CUVAF<\/jats:styled-content>\n measures (Kruskal Wallis total\n CUVAF<\/jats:styled-content>\n area,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.04,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n trend<\/jats:sub>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.03, average\n CUVAF<\/jats:styled-content>\n pixel intensity\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.02,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n trend<\/jats:sub>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.02, total\n CUVAF<\/jats:styled-content>\n pixel intensity:\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.04,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n trend<\/jats:sub>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.02). Time spent outdoors was positively associated with all\n CUVAF<\/jats:styled-content>\n measures (Spearman's correlation coefficients, total\n CUVAF<\/jats:styled-content>\n area:\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.37,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.01, average\n CUVAF<\/jats:styled-content>\n pixel intensity:\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.36,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.01, total\n CUVAF<\/jats:styled-content>\n pixel intensity:\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.37,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.01) and remained significant when sunglasses use was controlled for (partial correlation, total\n CUVAF<\/jats:styled-content>\n area:\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.32,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.03, average\n CUVAF<\/jats:styled-content>\n pixel intensity:\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.39,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.01, total\n CUVAF<\/jats:styled-content>\n pixel intensity:\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.39,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.03). Neither\n CUVAF<\/jats:styled-content>\n area nor intensity measures were associated with any dry eye measure (Ocular Surface Disease Index: all\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0\u2265\u00a00.41, corneal staining: all\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0\u2265\u00a00.38, McMonnies: all\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0\u2264\u00a00.09 all\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0\u2265\u00a00.52, slit lamp biomicroscopy: all\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0\u2264\u00a00.20 all\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0\u2265\u00a00.17, invasive tear break up time: all\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0\u2264\u00a0\u22120.07 all\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0\u2265\u00a00.31).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n CUVAF<\/jats:styled-content>\n area and intensity were not associated with clinical measures of dry eye. Greater\n CUVAF<\/jats:styled-content>\n area and intensity were associated with wearing sunglasses less frequently and spending more time outdoors. If sunglass wear is accounted for,\n CUVAF<\/jats:styled-content>\n may be a useful biomarker of time spent outdoors in future myopia studies.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]],"date-time":"2016-06-29T01:47:19Z","timestamp":1467164839000},"page":"359-369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The use of conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (\n CUVAF<\/scp>\n ) as a biomarker of time spent outdoors"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1531-3117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Kearney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry and Vision Science Research Group University of Ulster Coleraine UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"O'Donoghue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry and Vision Science Research Group University of Ulster Coleraine UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. 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