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In addition to recording demographics, retinoscopic refraction was conducted using baseline auto\u2010refraction results. The prevalence of astigmatism was determined based on cylinder error cut\u2010off points of 0.50\u00a0dioptre (D), 1.00, 2.00 and 3.00\u00a0D. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess variables\u2019 relationship with astigmatism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of astigmatism as a cylinder error greater than 0.50\u00a0D was 35.6% (95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : 33.7\u201337.6); this was 34.0% (95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : 31.4\u201336.6) in women and 36.9% (95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : 33.9\u201339.9) in men. The lowest prevalence was seen in the 6\u201320\u00a0year old age group (13.6%) and the highest prevalence was found in individuals older than 70\u00a0years (82.5%). In the multiple logistic regression model, age and education level were significantly related to astigmatism. The prevalence rates of with\u2010the\u2010rule (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WTR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ), against\u2010the\u2010rule (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ATR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ), and oblique astigmatism were respectively 15.0%, 17.2%, and 3.5%. The prevalence of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WTR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      astigmatism decreased with age, while the prevalence of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ATR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (and oblique astigmatism to a lesser extent) increased.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of astigmatism was similar to previous studies; however, there were considerable age\u2010related changes. In particular, the prevalence of astigmatism in elderly people was substantial and of concern, particularly given that virtually none of this age group were wearing distance spectacles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,29]],"date-time":"2016-08-29T23:46:47Z","timestamp":1472514407000},"page":"671-679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Astigmatism in underserved rural areas: a population based study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Hassan","family":"Hashemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology Noor Eye Hospital Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Payam","family":"Nabovati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology Noor Eye Hospital 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