{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T21:33:19Z","timestamp":1771536799245,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,28]],"date-time":"2016-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"College of Optometrists (London, UK)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the intra\u2010 and inter\u2010examiner repeatability of cycloplegic retinoscopy in young children aged 4\u20135\u00a0years old.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Examiner 1 refracted all children in the first sample (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0108); firstly with masked loose lenses, then using unmasked loose lenses (intra\u2010examiner repeatability). Examiners 1 and 2 refracted all children in the second sample (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a097) using unmasked loose lenses, blind to the child's refractive error, presence\/magnitude of habitual spectacle correction and to each other's findings (inter\u2010examiner repeatability). Refractions were performed on one eye chosen at random. Mean differences, 95% limits of agreement (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LOA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s) and confidence intervals were calculated for intra\u2010 and inter\u2010examiner repeatability of sphere, cylinder and spherical equivalent refraction (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SER<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants had a wide range of refractive errors (\u22121.50\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      to +7.25\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ; \u22654.50\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ). Mean differences (95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LOA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s) were small for both intra\u2010 and inter\u2010examiner repeatability [Intra: Sphere 0.00D (\u22120.85, +0.85D), Cylinder \u22120.03D (\u22120.68, +0.62D),\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SER<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u22120.06D (\u22120.90, +0.78D); Inter: Sphere \u22120.08D (\u22120.92, +0.76D), Cylinder \u22120.08D (\u22120.75, +0.59D),\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SER<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u22120.13D (\u22120.95, +0.69D). A statistically significant proportional bias was present for intra\u2010examiner repeatability of cylinder (\u03c1\u00a0=\u00a00.20,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.04) and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SER<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      measurement (\u03c1\u00a0=\u00a00.19,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.049). Proportional bias was not present for any other measure (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u00a0&gt;\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.12). Examiners agreed on cylinder axis within \u00b120\n                      <jats:sup>\u00b0<\/jats:sup>\n                      in 71% of refractions where astigmatism of\u00a0\u22120.75D or higher was present. 80% of intra\u2010 and inter\u2010examiner measures fell within \u00b10.50D for spherical and cylindrical components.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Differences of \u00b11.00D and \u00b10.75D or more for spherical and cylindrical measures respectively can be considered significant when performing cycloplegic retinoscopy on young children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,28]],"date-time":"2016-12-28T19:05:31Z","timestamp":1482951931000},"page":"16-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Intra\u2010 and inter\u2010 examiner repeatability of cycloplegic retinoscopy among young children"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Sara J.","family":"McCullough","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences Research Institute School of Biomedical Sciences University of Ulster Coleraine UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9549-7192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lesley","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences Research Institute School of Biomedical Sciences University of Ulster Coleraine UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn J.","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences Research Institute School of Biomedical Sciences University of Ulster Coleraine UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"The Royal College of Ophthalmologists.Guidelines for the Management of Strabismus in Childhood 2012. 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