{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T14:21:14Z","timestamp":1767795674082,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,28]],"date-time":"2016-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subjective refraction determines the final point of refractive error assessment in most clinical environments and its foundations have remained unchanged for decades. The purpose of this paper is to compare the results obtained when monocular subjective refraction is assessed in trial frames by a new clinical procedure based on a pure power vector interpretation with conventional clinical refraction procedures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An alternative clinical routine is described that uses power vector interpretation with implementation in trial frames. Refractive error is determined in terms of: (i) the spherical equivalent (M component), and (ii) a pair of Jackson Crossed Cylinder lenses oriented at 0\u00b0\/90\u00b0 (J\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      component) and 45\u00b0\/135\u00b0 (J\n                      <jats:sub>45<\/jats:sub>\n                      component) for determination of astigmatism. This vector subjective refraction result (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) is compared separately for right and left eyes of 25 subjects (mean age, 35\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04\u00a0years) against conventional sphero\u2010cylindrical subjective refraction (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RX<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) using a phoropter. The\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      procedure was applied with both conventional tumbling E optotypes (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      1) and modified optotypes with oblique orientation (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      2).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Bland\u2010Altman plots and intra\u2010class correlation coefficient showed good agreement between\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RX<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (with coefficient values above 0.82) and\n                      <jats:sc>anova<\/jats:sc>\n                      showed no significant differences in any of the power vector components between\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RX<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      .\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      1 and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      2 procedure results were similar (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0\u2265\u00a00.77).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The proposed routine determines the three components of refractive error in power vector notation [M, J\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      , J\n                      <jats:sub>45<\/jats:sub>\n                      ], with a refraction time similar to the one used in conventional subjective procedures. The proposed routine could be helpful for inexperienced clinicians and for experienced clinicians in those cases where it is difficult to get a valid starting point for conventional\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RX<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (irregular corneas, media opacities, etc.) and for refractive situations\/places with inadequate refractive facilities\/equipment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,28]],"date-time":"2016-12-28T19:05:31Z","timestamp":1482951931000},"page":"24-32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["An alternative clinical routine for subjective refraction based on power vectors with trial frames"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Antonia","family":"Mar\u00eda Revert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de \u00d3ptica y Optometr\u00eda y Ciencias de la Visi\u00f3n Universidad de Valencia Burjassot Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Amparo","family":"Conversa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de \u00d3ptica y Optometr\u00eda y Ciencias de la Visi\u00f3n Universidad de Valencia Burjassot Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Albarr\u00e1n Diego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de \u00d3ptica y Optometr\u00eda y Ciencias de la Visi\u00f3n Universidad de Valencia Burjassot Spain"},{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Baviera Castell\u00f3n Castell\u00f3n Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vicente","family":"Mic\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de \u00d3ptica y Optometr\u00eda y Ciencias de la Visi\u00f3n Universidad de Valencia Burjassot Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","first-page":"174","volume-title":"Clinical Procedures in Optometry","author":"Polasky M","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","first-page":"1030","volume-title":"Borish's Clinical Refraction","author":"Benjamin W","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-196508000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Automatic retinoscopy: the Humphrey vision analyser","volume":"173","author":"Humphrey WE","year":"1977","journal-title":"Optician"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199706000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199706000-00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","first-page":"60","article-title":"Fortschrittliche Rechnungsarten in der Augenoptik. Folge 11","volume":"12","author":"Fick HH","year":"1972","journal-title":"Der Augenoptiker"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Fortschrittliche Rechnungsarten in der Augenoptik. Folge 12","volume":"2","author":"Fick HH","year":"1973","journal-title":"Der Augenoptiker"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-197601000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198010000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1985.tb00651.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198810000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1990.tb00883.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1990.tb01110.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1999.00404.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(00)00797-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(00)00816-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199706000-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318157acbb"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199305000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199504000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","unstructured":"SchwendemanFJ OgdenBB HornerDG&ThibosLN.Effect of spherocylinder blur on visual acuity. Abstract at the American Academy of Optometry Annual Meeting 1997."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","first-page":"27","volume-title":"Power Vectors for the Management of Astigmatism: From Theoretical to Clinical Applications. Chapter II in Astigmatism: Types, Diagnosis and Treatment Options","author":"Mic\u00f3 V","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","first-page":"599","article-title":"A new subjective refraction method \u2010 The meridional polarized vernier optometer","volume":"67","author":"Salmon TO","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1984.tb00378.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200102000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","first-page":"12s","article-title":"An alternative approach to subjective refraction","volume":"81","author":"Bartell C","year":"2004","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"14","key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","first-page":"2822","article-title":"Optimizing subjective refraction","volume":"52","author":"Raasch TW","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-197710000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"Patient acceptance of the Humphrey Vision Analyser","volume":"114","author":"Harwood LW","year":"1977","journal-title":"Rev Optom"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"A comparison of reading add values: Humphrey Vision Analyser and phoropter","volume":"70","author":"Tlachac CA","year":"1979","journal-title":"Optom Monthly"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","first-page":"149","article-title":"Instrument review: the Humphrey Vision Analyser","volume":"64","author":"Efron N","year":"1982","journal-title":"Aust J Optom"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1984.01040030690020"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","unstructured":"RaaschTW BettsAM&OlsonCP.Repeatability and validity of a subjective refractor using astigmatic decomposition. Abstract at the American Academy of Optometry Annual Meeting 1998 Vol. 75:12s."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","unstructured":"BartellC TooleA&RaaschT.An alternative approach to subjective refraction. Abstract at the American Academy of Optometry Annual Meeting 2004Vol. 81:12s."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","unstructured":"RaaschTW TooleA BurchamM&KuetherC.Computer\u2010Assisted Vector Subjective Refraction. Abstract at the American Academy of Optometry Annual Meeting 2008Vol. 12s."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2008.00576.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.1998.tb06729.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199707000-00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2001.00588.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12252"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fopo.12343","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.12343","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/opo.12343","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.12343","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:24:38Z","timestamp":1767785078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/opo.12343"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,28]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/opo.12343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.12343","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-07-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-11-04","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-12-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}