{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T18:42:42Z","timestamp":1776883362682,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,20]],"date-time":"2017-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EM2013\/030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EM2013\/030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Spanish ministry of Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","award":["FIS2013-46188-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS2013-46188-P"]}]},{"name":"Spanish ministry of Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","award":["FIS2016-77319-C2-1-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS2016-77319-C2-1-R"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this paper we analyse the potential use of a non\u2010symmetrical optical element, a cubic phase mask, for extending the range of clear vision of presbyopic eyes. Additionally, we will discuss the appropriateness of the visual Strehl ratio to analyse this sort of presbyopic solution based on non\u2010symmetrical phase masks contrasted with through\u2010focus retinal images.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In order to evaluate the performance of the cubic phase mask we employed computational Fourier Optics to compute the different visual Strehl criteria as well as simulate the retinal images. The through focus real part of the modulation transfer functions and retinal images were computed for four object distances 6.0, 1.0, 0.6 and 0.4\u00a0m which correspond to far, intermediate and near vision conditions for optotypes of visual acuity of 0.1 and 0.0 log\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (Snellen 6\/7.5 and 6\/6; 0.8 and 1 in decimal Snellen). For the experimental validation we built an artificial eye consisting of a plano\u2010convex lens with a focal length of 25.4\u00a0mm and 0.5 numerical aperture, a variable diaphragm, a 3\u00d7 objective and an\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ORCA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      285 Hamamatsu Photonics camera 8.1\u00a0\u03bcm pixel size (resulting in an effective pixel size of 2.7\u00a0\u03bcm). A set of four different\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      charts adapted to monitor different visual acuities (ranging between 0.0 and 0.20 log\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) were placed at different object distances 6, 1.0, 0.6 and 0.4\u00a0m from the artificial eye.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both numerical and experimental validation showed the suitability of the cubic phase mask for extending the range of clear vision of presbyopic eyes, providing at least a visual acuity of 0.1 log\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (6\/7.5 Snellen, 0.8 decimal Snellen) at all distances. The results show that it is possible to choose between promoting far or near vision by changing the magnitude of the defocus component. It is also possible to extend the range of clear vision, by increasing the magnitude of the cubic component. But this increment will cause a reduction in the contrast of the images as it can be observed from the Visual Strehl values and the retinal images generated numerically.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cubic phase mask in the shape 7.07\u00a0\u03bcm\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0(\n                      <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>9<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2212\n                      <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                      )\u22120.9\u00a0\u03bcm\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      is a good solution for obtaining a range of clear vision with at least 0.1 log\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      visual acuity (and close to 0.0 log\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , 6\/6, 20\/20 and decimal Snellen 1.0) between 6.0 and 0.4\u00a0m for a pupil diameter of 5.0\u00a0mm. Our results seem to be a good starting point for future studies of this type of cubic phase mask solutions for presbyopia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,20]],"date-time":"2017-01-20T03:52:37Z","timestamp":1484884357000},"page":"141-150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Potential use of cubic phase masks for extending the range of clear vision in presbyopes: initial calculation and simulation studies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Justo","family":"Arines","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Aplicada (\u00e1rea de Optometr\u00eda) Facultade de \u00d3ptica e Optometr\u00eda Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Citlalli","family":"Almaguer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Aplicada (\u00e1rea de Optometr\u00eda) Facultade de \u00d3ptica e Optometr\u00eda Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Aplicada (\u00e1rea de \u00d3ptica) Facultade de F\u00edsica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00102-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"410","volume-title":"Clinical Manual of Contact Lenses","author":"Bennett ES","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12129"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12091"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000192347.57764.4c"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"CatheyWT.Extended depth of field optics for human vision. 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