{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T18:43:23Z","timestamp":1776883403177,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,17]],"date-time":"2017-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To establish the optical performance of currently available Alvarez variable\u2010power spectacles in relation to their possible utility for ametropes and presbyopes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two commercial designs of variable\u2010power (variable\u2010focus) spectacles were studied: FocusSpecs and Adlens Adjustables. Using focimetry, power and prism at three different power settings were measured across the aperture of the lenses of each design and local optical quality was explored in more detail using interferometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In general, equivalent\u2010sphere powers at all lens settings were adequately stable across the central aperture (about 20 mm diameter) of the lenses, with prism changes following the Prentice rule. Some astigmatism (generally \u22640.5\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      over the central area) and higher\u2010order aberration (comparable to the normal wavefront aberration of the eye) were found, the latter increasing towards the edge of the useable lens area.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within their designed power ranges, optical performance of currently\u2010available Alvarez variable\u2010power spectacles appears to be adequate to correct the distance and near vision of spherical ametropes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,17]],"date-time":"2017-02-17T00:12:47Z","timestamp":1487290367000},"page":"284-296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Optical characteristics of Alvarez variable\u2010power spectacles"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Hema","family":"Radhakrishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacy and Optometry Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health University of Manchester Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. Neil","family":"Charman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacy and Optometry Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health University of Manchester Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Ophthalmic Lenses and Dispensing","author":"Jalie M","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2007.00245.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2008.00246.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Presbyopia: Origins, Effects and Treatment","author":"Meister DJ","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2004.00198.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"421","article-title":"Variable and progressive power lenses","volume":"160","author":"Bennett AG","year":"1970","journal-title":"Optician"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1988.tb01177.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12091"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","unstructured":"AlvarezLW.Two\u2010element variable\u2010power spherical lens. US Patent 3 303 294. Feb 21 1967."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","unstructured":"AlvarezLW&HumphreysWE.Variable\u2010power lens and system. 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