{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T02:06:26Z","timestamp":1783821986495,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,25]],"date-time":"2018-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1521936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["073300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["073300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G082571"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G082571"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate prevalence and risk factors for myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism in southern India.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Randomly sampled villages were enumerated to identify people aged \u226540\u00a0years. Participants were interviewed for socioeconomic and lifestyle factors and attended a hospital\u2010based ophthalmic examination including visual acuity measurement and objective and subjective measurement of refractive status. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) worse than \u22120.75 dioptres (D), hyperopia as\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2265+1D and astigmatism as cylinder &lt;\u22120.5.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The age\u2010standardised prevalences of myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism were 35.6% (95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : 34.7\u201336.6), 17.0% (95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : 16.3\u201317.8) and 32.6 (29.3\u201336.1), respectively. Of those with myopia (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01490), 70% had advanced cataract. Of these, 79% had presenting visual acuity (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) less than 6\/18 and after best correction, 44% of these improved to 6\/12 or better and 27% remained with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      less than 6\/18. In multivariable analyses (excluding patients with advanced cataract), increasing nuclear opacity score, current tobacco use, and increasing height were associated with higher odds of myopia. Higher levels of education were associated with increased odds of myopia in younger people and decreased odds in older people. Increasing time outdoors was associated with myopia only in older people. Increasing age and female gender were associated with hyperopia, and nuclear opacity score, increasing time outdoors, rural residence and current tobacco use with lower odds of hyperopia. After controlling for myopia, factors associated with higher odds of astigmatism were age, rural residence, and increasing nuclear opacity score and increasing education with lower odds.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In contrast to high\u2010income settings and in agreement with studies from low\u2010income settings, we found a rise in myopia with increasing age reflecting the high prevalence of advanced cataract.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,25]],"date-time":"2018-03-25T13:54:25Z","timestamp":1521986065000},"page":"346-358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors for myopia and other refractive errors in an adult population in southern India"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8467-5544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanil","family":"Joseph","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lions Aravind Institute of Community Ophthalmology Aravind Eye Care System Madurai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiruvengada","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aravind Eye Hospital Pondicherry India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravilla D.","family":"Ravindran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aravind Eye Care System Madurai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Maraini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sezione di Oftalmologia Dipartimento di Scienze Otorino\u2010Odonto\u2010Oftalmologiche e Cervico Facciali Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Parma Parma Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Camparini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Biotecnologiche e Traslazionali\u2010S.Bi.Bi.T Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Parma Parma Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usha","family":"Chakravarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vision &amp; 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