{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T09:02:41Z","timestamp":1782896561818,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]],"date-time":"2018-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 EY026588"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EY026588"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 EY003909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 EY003909"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001608","name":"EyeSight Foundation of Alabama","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Myopia progression is thought to involve biomechanical weakening of the sclera, which leads to irreversible deformations and axial elongation of the eye. Scleral crosslinking has been proposed as a potential treatment option for myopia control by strengthening the mechanically weakened sclera. The biomechanical mechanism by which the sclera weakens during myopia and strengthens after crosslinking is not fully understood. Here, we assess the effect of lens\u2010induced myopia and exogenous crosslinking using genipin on the inelastic mechanical properties of the tree shrew sclera measured by cyclic tensile tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cyclic tensile tests were performed on 2\u2010mm wide scleral strips at physiological loading conditions (50 cycles, 0\u20133.3\u00a0g, 30\u00a0s cycle\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). Two scleral strips were obtained from each eye of juvenile tree shrews exposed to two different visual conditions: normal and 4\u00a0days of monocular \u22125 D lens wear to accelerate scleral remodelling and induce myopia. Scleral strips were mechanically tested at three alternative conditions: immediately after enucleation; after incubation in phosphate buffered saline (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) for 24\u00a0h at 37\u00b0C; and after incubation for 24\u00a0h in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      supplemented with genipin at a low cytotoxicity concentration (0.25\u00a0m\n                      <jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>\n                      ). Cyclic softening was defined as the incremental strain increase from one cycle to the next.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      \u22125D lens treatment significantly increased the cyclic softening response of the sclera when compared to contralateral control eyes (0.10%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.029%, mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0standard error,\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.037). Exogenous crosslinking of the lens treated sclera significantly decreased the cyclic softening response (\u22120.12%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.014%,\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      2.2\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                      <jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). Contrary to all other groups, the genipin\u2010cross\u2010linked tissue did not exhibit cyclic softening significantly different from zero within the 50\u2010cycle test.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results indicated that cyclic tensile loading leads to an inelastic, cyclic softening of the juvenile tree shrew sclera. The softening rate increased during lens\u2010induced myopia and was diminished after genipin crosslinking. This finding suggests that axial elongation in myopia may involve a biomechanical weakening mechanism that increased the cyclic softening response of the sclera, which was inhibited by scleral crosslinking using genipin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,25]],"date-time":"2018-04-25T01:16:56Z","timestamp":1524619016000},"page":"246-256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Experimental myopia increases and scleral crosslinking using genipin inhibits cyclic softening in the tree shrew sclera"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2022-1719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander M.","family":"Levy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo A.","family":"Fazio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9539-4070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Grytz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2011.00884.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2005.00298.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90416-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.06.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11158"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"277","article-title":"Beitrage zur Anatomie des myopischen Auges","volume":"1899","author":"Heine L","year":"1899","journal-title":"Archiv f\u00fcr Augenheilkunde"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00150-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15352"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166644"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1536930"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","volume-title":"Biomechanics \u2010 Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues","author":"Fung Y","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijplas.2008.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1427699"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3049479"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4025105"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.7369"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","volume-title":"Normal and Abnormal Ocular Development in Man","author":"Torczynski E","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00243-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"1740","article-title":"Proteoglycans in the human sclera. 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