{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T03:40:19Z","timestamp":1790826019062,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,7]],"date-time":"2018-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY014460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY014460"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 EY019008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 EY019008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eccentric photorefraction and Purkinje image tracking are used to estimate refractive state and eye position simultaneously. Beyond vision screening, they provide insight into typical and atypical visual development. Systematic analysis of the effect of refractive error and spectacles on photorefraction data is needed to gauge the accuracy and precision of the technique.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Simulation of two\u2010dimensional, double\u2010pass eccentric photorefraction was performed (Zemax). The inward pass included appropriate light sources, lenses and a single surface pupil plane eye model to create an extended retinal image that served as the source for the outward pass. Refractive state, as computed from the luminance gradient in the image of the pupil captured by the model's camera, was evaluated for a range of refractive errors (\u221215D to +15D), pupil sizes (3\u00a0mm to 7\u00a0mm) and two sets of higher\u2010order monochromatic aberrations. Instrument calibration was simulated using \u22128D to +8D trial lenses at the spectacle plane for: (1) vertex distances from 3\u00a0mm to 23\u00a0mm, (2) uncorrected and corrected hyperopic refractive errors of +4D and +7D, and (3) uncorrected and corrected astigmatism of 4D at four different axes. Empirical calibration of a commercial photorefractor was also compared with a wavefront aberrometer for human eyes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pupil luminance gradient varied linearly with refractive state for defocus less than approximately 4D (5\u00a0mm pupil). For larger errors, the gradient magnitude saturated and then reduced, leading to under\u2010estimation of refractive state. Additional inaccuracy (up to 1D for 8D of defocus) resulted from spectacle magnification in the pupil image, which would reduce precision in\u00a0situations where vertex distance is variable. The empirical calibration revealed a constant offset between the two clinical instruments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Computational modelling demonstrates the principles and limitations of photorefraction to help users avoid potential measurement errors. Factors that could cause clinically significant errors in photorefraction estimates include high refractive error, vertex distance and magnification effects of a spectacle lens, increased higher\u2010order monochromatic aberrations, and changes in primary spherical aberration with accommodation. The impact of these errors increases with increasing defocus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,7]],"date-time":"2018-05-07T22:41:24Z","timestamp":1525732884000},"page":"432-446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Two\u2010dimensional simulation of eccentric photorefraction images for ametropes: factors influencing the measurement"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4329-075X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yifei","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Indiana University Bloomington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry N.","family":"Thibos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Indiana University Bloomington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5559-5326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T. Rowan","family":"Candy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Indiana University Bloomington 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