{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:11:25Z","timestamp":1787163085758,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]],"date-time":"2019-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to validate a binocular function score that is based on common clinical measures of visual function, providing a more complete analysis of binocular outcomes, against laboratory\u2010based dichoptic tests of threshold stereoacuity and depth of suppression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Scores on a composite binocular function (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) score derived from clinical stereoacuity measures (Randot Preschool Stereoacuity Test and Randot Butterfly) and the Worth 4 Dot test were determined in adults (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a020; age 24.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a07.2\u00a0years) and children (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a077; age 8.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.7\u00a0years) with abnormal binocular vision from strabismus or amblyopia. Adults had threshold stereoacuity measured with a novel, computerised dichoptic psychophysical test of stereopsis. Depth of suppression (dichoptic eye chart inter\u2010ocular contrast balance test) was determined in both adults and children.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Clinical Randot stereoacuity was measurable in 50% of adult and 61% of child participants. Threshold stereoacuity was measurable in 65% of the adult participants. The presence of suppression or simultaneous perception (flat fusion or diplopia) was measurable in all participants, enabling assignment of a\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      score to all participants in both groups. In adults, the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      score was highly correlated with the psychophysical threshold stereoacuity measure (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.71;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). In both adults and children, there was also a high correlation between the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      score and inter\u2010ocular contrast balance (adult\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.90; child\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.86;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The composite\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      score is a convenient and valid scale of binocularity that can be used to extend the stereoacuity measure in cohorts where nil stereoacuity is common and thus could be considered as an outcome measure in clinical trials.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]],"date-time":"2019-01-10T07:12:24Z","timestamp":1547104344000},"page":"53-62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["From suppression to stereoacuity: a composite binocular function score for clinical research"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3935-3615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann L","family":"Webber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry &amp; Vision Science and Institute of Health &amp; Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0776-7736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne M","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry &amp; Vision Science and Institute of Health &amp; Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3902-2712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science University of Waterloo Waterloo Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eileen E","family":"Birch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retina Foundation of the Southwest Dallas USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"391","volume-title":"Early Visual Development Normal and Abnormal","author":"Levi DM","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2015.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19797"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2014.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.4224"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.4262"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.6090"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12437"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12192"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19970701-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"70","volume-title":"Atlas of Strabismus","author":"Von Noorden G","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18690"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17181"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100156"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19986"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5549"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2007.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mpa.2002.123655"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19871101-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","volume-title":"Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility; 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