{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T14:24:09Z","timestamp":1767795849485,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]],"date-time":"2019-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001793","name":"Queensland University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001793","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The effects of image doubling on logarithmic progression chart visual acuity were investigated by simulating diplopia on a computer monitor.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ten participants (6M, 4F) aged 21\u201328\u00a0years (mean 22.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.3) were assessed viewing with their left eye while wearing their best correction. Stimuli were eight rows of five Sloan letters, from 0.4 to \u22120.3 log\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (6\/15 to 6\/3) arranged in logarithmic progression format, generated on an\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      monitor. Stimuli were generated with different magnitudes of doubling, different directions of doubling, and different intensity ratios between the ghost image and main images.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      When the ghost image had the same intensity as the main image, there was a significant effect of doubling magnitude on visual acuity, with the mean acuity being \u22120.11 log\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (6\/4.7) for no doubling. Acuity thresholds (log\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) increased when doubling exceeded 1\u00a0min of arc, reaching a level of 0.12 log\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (6\/7.9) for doubling of 16\u00a0min of arc. There were no significant effects of orientation on acuity, nor were there significant orientation\u2010doubling magnitude interaction effects of visual acuity. Image doubling magnitude level affected visual acuity differently for different ghost image intensities, with the highest acuity elevation occurring when ghost and main images were equal or nearly equal. For faint ghost image intensities (10% and 20%) image doubling did not significantly affect visual acuity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Image doubling will degrade visual acuity if doubling is greater than 1\u00a0min of arc, and ghost images are sufficiently intense. However, even with very obvious visually\u2010disturbing image doubling, visual acuity remains only slightly reduced.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]],"date-time":"2019-02-18T18:05:06Z","timestamp":1550513106000},"page":"86-93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Simulated image doubling and visual acuity: effects of doubling magnitude, orientation, and ghost image intensity"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4629-3182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Carkeet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu\u2010Chong 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