{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T06:37:51Z","timestamp":1787985471065,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,17]],"date-time":"2019-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Flemish government Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology","award":["grant no. IWT\/110684"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant no. 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After conversion of refractive and corneal surface astigmatism to power vectors\n                      <jats:italic>J<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>J<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>45<\/jats:sub>\n                      , the total corneal and internal astigmatism were calculated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both refractive power vectors had leptokurtic distributions with a narrow peak at zero, and a broader, secondary distribution at its base, corresponding to eyes without balanced components. This may be fitted with a bigaussian function (\n                      <jats:italic>J<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      :\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00b2\u00a0=\u00a00.87;\n                      <jats:italic>J<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>45<\/jats:sub>\n                      :\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00b2\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.98). Statistically significant changes in these distributions are seen with age: for refractive\n                      <jats:italic>J<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      the narrow peak shortens progressively, while the broad peak shifts positive from to negative values, corresponding to increased astigmatism and a shift from with\u2010the\u2010rule towards against\u2010the\u2010rule. For\n                      <jats:italic>J<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>45<\/jats:sub>\n                      the narrow peak shortens with age as well, while the broad peak flattens. These changes in refractive\n                      <jats:italic>J<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      result from statistically significant negative shifts in both the corneal and internal components with age (Kruskal\u2010Wallis,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u00a00.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In young participants corneal and internal astigmatism partially cancel each other out. This balance between both is gradually lost after age 50, leading to larger amounts of refractive astigmatism, as well as a reorientation of the axis. Given the small amplitude of these changes, they are unlikely to have repercussions for long term stability toric cataract or refractive surgery outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,17]],"date-time":"2019-04-17T07:12:21Z","timestamp":1555485141000},"page":"183-193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The components of adult astigmatism and their age\u2010related changes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8124-8646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos J","family":"Rozema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Antwerp University Hospital Edegem Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Antwerp Wilrijk 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