{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:10:07Z","timestamp":1790089807693,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coopervision Inc"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Emmetropisation is essentially a visually guided, within\u2010eye process. We investigated differences in global\u2010flash multifocal electroretinogram (gmfERG) responses to naturally occurring differences in spherical and astigmatic defocus across the retina, which might provide a basis for guiding eye growth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Experiment 1: The gmfERG responses (direct, DC, and induced, IC, amplitudes and latencies) recorded simultaneously from six retinal areas (15\u00b0 eccentricity, spaced at 60\u00b0, areas 3.2\u00b0\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) were correlated with the uncorrected retinal defocus measured at the six corresponding retinal locations in 20 adults with foveal refractive errors (\u22124.75 to +1.25D). No correcting lenses were used to avoid introduction of lens\u2010induced aberrations and magnification. Experiment 2 investigated the effect of superimposing astigmatic defocus (+2.00\/\u22124.00D Jackson Cross Cylinder presented at four orientations) on gmfERG responses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Experiment 1: DC and IC response amplitudes were greater in retinal regions naturally exposed to more hyperopic spherical defocus (DC: rho\u00a0=\u00a00.26,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.005; IC: rho\u00a0=\u00a00.29,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.001), but response latencies were unaffected by sign or magnitude of spherical defocus (DC:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.34; IC:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.40). Response amplitudes and latencies were unaffected by astigmatic defocus. Experiment 2: Rotating the JCC axis to four different orientations had no effect on the gmfERG responses (DC amplitude,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.39; DC latency,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.10; IC amplitude,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.51; IC latency,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.64).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The gmfERG responses from discrete retinal areas varied with the sign and magnitude of local spherical defocus, but we found no evidence that retinal responses were affected by astigmatic defocus. Therefore, local astigmatism is unlikely to provide cues for controlling eye growth, whereas differences in response to spherical defocus between different retinal regions could potentially provide cues for controlling eye growth in emmetropisation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]],"date-time":"2019-12-06T00:35:52Z","timestamp":1575592552000},"page":"24-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Global\u2010flash mfERG responses to local differences in spherical and astigmatic defocus across the human retina"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Philip R K","family":"Turnbull","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Myopia Laboratory School of Optometry and Vision Science The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy K","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Myopia Laboratory School of Optometry and Vision Science The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6976-4645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John R","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Myopia Laboratory School of Optometry and Vision Science The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Optometry Asia University Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.07.073"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.064212"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(96)00224-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4969"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1264"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5716"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12239"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25967"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000979"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1108491108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-011-9296-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-004-1072-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2011.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123480"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24600"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31827f1583"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","first-page":"812","article-title":"Comparison of higher order aberrations in patients with various refractive errors","volume":"31","author":"Khan MS","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","first-page":"1728","article-title":"Tropicamide (1%): an effective cycloplegic agent for myopic children","volume":"42","author":"Manny RE","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199706000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SutterEE ShimadaY LiY&BearseMABJr.Mapping inner retinal function through enhancement of adaptive components in the M\u2010ERG. 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