{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T03:39:15Z","timestamp":1778816355254,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]],"date-time":"2020-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"El Maghraby Chair in Preventive Ophthalmology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Trachoma, a chronic conjunctivitis that can result in vision loss from trichiasis, is targeted for global elimination by 2020. Several milestones in the long process towards elimination are noteworthy for the impact they have had on changing or accelerating progress. The purpose of this review is to describe the milestones and the impact they have had both for trachoma elimination and beyond.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eight milestones are presented. They are discovery of the causative agent; development of a clinical grading scheme; establishment of the World Health Organization Alliance for the Global Elimination of Trachoma by 2020; setting targets that define elimination; building an evidence base for trichiasis surgery; azithromycin donation programme; use of the SAFE strategy (Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness, and Environmental improvement); and The Global Trachoma Mapping Project.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These milestones have significantly pushed the progress towards elimination. Despite challenges to achieving the goal of elimination by 2020, there is continued commitment into the future to ensure that this preventable cause of blindness is no longer a threat.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,4]],"date-time":"2020-02-04T02:40:28Z","timestamp":1580784028000},"page":"66-74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Milestones in the fight to eliminate trachoma"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0818-8100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheila K","family":"West","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins Medicine Baltimore USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(67)94116-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.44.6.321"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2019.1577136"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1011.040353"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","unstructured":"WHO Global Health Observatory.Trachoma situation and trends 2019.https:\/\/www.who.int\/gho\/neglected_diseases\/trachoma\/en\/(accessed 10\/1\/2020)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","volume-title":"Trachoma: a blinding scourge from the Bronze Age to the twenty\u2010first century","author":"Taylor HR","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"Uber zelleinschusse parasitarer natur beim trachom","volume":"26","author":"Halberstaedter L","year":"1907","journal-title":"Arb adK Gesundheitsamt"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"Untersuchungen uber die Entstehung und die Entwicklung des Trachoms","volume":"58","author":"Greeff F","year":"1907","journal-title":"Arch F Augenheilk"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"223","article-title":"Revision of the family Chlamydiaceae Rake (Rickettsiales): unification of the psittacosis\u2010lymphogranuloma venereum\u2010trachoma group of organisms in the genus Chlamydia","volume":"16","author":"Page LA","year":"1966","journal-title":"Int J System Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","volume-title":"Guide to Trachoma Control","author":"Dawson C","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"477","article-title":"A simple system for the assessment of trachoma and its complications","volume":"65","author":"Thylefors B","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","unstructured":"World Health Assembly resolution WHA51.11 Global Elimination of Blinding Trachoma 1988.https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/trachoma(accessed 10\/1\/2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","volume-title":"Trichiasis surgery for trachoma: the bilamellar tarsal rotation procedure","author":"Reacher M","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","unstructured":"MerbsSL ResnikoffS KelloAB MariottiSP GreeneG&WestSKTrichiasis surgery for trachoma Geneva Switzerland World Health Organization 2015.https:\/\/www.who.int\/trachoma\/resources\/9789241549011\/en\/(accessed 10\/1\/2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization Alliance for the Global Elimination of Trachoma by 2020.Eliminating Trachoma: Accelerating towards 2020: International Coalition for Trachoma Control 2016[Available from:http:\/\/www.trachomacoalition.org\/2016-roadmap\/. (accessed 10\/1\/2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Report of the Third Global Scientific Meeting on Trachoma Report. World Health Organization 2010 July 19\u201020 2010.https:\/\/www.who.int\/trachoma\/resources\/who_pbd_2.10\/en\/(accessed 10\/1\/2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Validation of elimination of Trachoma as a Public Health Problem World Health Organization Press;2016.https:\/\/www.who.int\/trachoma\/resources\/who_htm_ntd_2016.8\/en\/(accessed 10\/1\/2020)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1992.01080170089030"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0600"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.062489"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.3.309"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00299-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.77.2.81"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","unstructured":"BurtonMCP&EmersonP.Global scientific meeting on trachomatous trichiasis: meeting discussions conclusions & suggested research. Moshi Tanzania 30th January \u2010 1st February 2012.Moshi:International Coalition for Trachoma Control;2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","volume-title":"Report of the 4th Global Scientific Meeting on Trachoma, Geneva, 27\u201329 November 2018","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)12387-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1715474"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0326"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir257"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000376"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90167-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","first-page":"16","article-title":"The prevention of blindness from trachoma","volume":"95","author":"Jones BR","year":"1975","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)09158-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69203-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inhe.2011.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.69.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/09654280510630768"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cym097"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Children as agents of change in trachoma control","volume":"26","author":"Dickman L","year":"2013","journal-title":"Community Eye Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2015.1037401"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2018.1550205"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005211"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.278"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","unstructured":"International Coalition for Trachoma Control.Organizing Trichiasis Surgical Outreach International Coalition for Trachoma Control 2015.http:\/\/www.trachomacoalition.org\/TrichiasisOutreach(accessed 10\/1\/2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.3062"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Trachoma 2019.https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/trachoma(accessed 10\/1\/2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Eliminating trachoma: WHO announces sustained progress with hundreds of millions of people no longer at risk of infection 2019.https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/detail\/27-06-2019-eliminating-trachoma-who-announces-sustained-progress-with-hundreds-of-millions-of-people-no-longer-at-risk-of-infection(accessed 10\/1\/2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy004"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fopo.12666","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.12666","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/opo.12666","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.12666","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:25:32Z","timestamp":1767785132000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/opo.12666"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/opo.12666"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.12666","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-08-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-12-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-02-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}