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The rate of disease progression can vary among individuals and has been associated with multiple risk factors. In this review, we provide an overview of the current literature investigating phenotypic, demographic, environmental, genetic, and molecular risk factors, and propose the most consistently identified risk factors for disease progression in AMD based on these studies. Finally, we describe the potential use of these risk factors for personalised healthcare.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      While phenotypic risk factors such as drusen and pigment abnormalities become more important to predict disease progression during the course of the disease, demographic, environmental, genetic and molecular risk factors are more valuable at earlier disease stages. Demographic and environmental risk factors such as age and smoking are consistently reported to be related to disease progression, while other factors such as sex, body mass index (BMI) and education are less often associated. Of all known AMD variants, variants that are most consistently reported with disease progression are rs10922109 and rs570618 in\n                      <jats:italic>CFH<\/jats:italic>\n                      , rs116503776 in\n                      <jats:italic>C2\/CFB\/SKIV2L<\/jats:italic>\n                      , rs3750846 in\n                      <jats:italic>ARMS2\/HTRA1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and rs2230199 in\n                      <jats:italic>C3<\/jats:italic>\n                      . However, it seems likely that other AMD variants also contribute to disease progression but to a lesser extent. Rare variants have probably a large effect on disease progression in highly affected families. Furthermore, current prediction models do not include molecular risk factors, while these factors can be measured accurately in the blood. Possible promising molecular risk factors are High\u2010Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL\u2010C), Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), zeaxanthin and lutein.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Phenotypic, demographic, environmental, genetic and molecular risk factors can be combined in prediction models to predict disease progression, but the selection of the proper risk factors for personalised risk prediction will differ among individuals and is dependent on their current disease stage. Future prediction models should include a wider set of genetic variants to determine the genetic risk more accurately, and rare variants should be taken into account in highly affected families. In addition, adding molecular factors in prediction models may lead to preventive strategies and personalised advice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,25]],"date-time":"2020-02-25T21:55:42Z","timestamp":1582667742000},"page":"140-170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":375,"title":["Risk factors for progression of age\u2010related macular degeneration"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3232-2587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas J","family":"Heesterbeek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Department of Ophthalmology Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Lor\u00e9s\u2010Motta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Department of Ophthalmology Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Human Genetics Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carel B","family":"Hoyng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Department of Ophthalmology Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yara T E","family":"Lechanteur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Department of Ophthalmology Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneke I","family":"den Hollander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Department of Ophthalmology Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Human Genetics Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The 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