{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:35:51Z","timestamp":1782779751037,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002920","name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PolyU 151001\/17M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PolyU 151001\/17M"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002920","name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PolyU 5605\/13M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PolyU 5605\/13M"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004377","name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z0GF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z0GF"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To quantify the defocus characteristics in the near\u2010work environment at home and investigate the relationship with subsequent myopia progression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fifty subjects (aged 7\u201312\u00a0years) were recruited and followed for 1\u00a0year. The home near\u2010work environment (writing desk) was measured at a baseline home\u2010visit using the Kinect\u2010for\u2010Windows to capture a 3\u2010dimensional image. The depth values of the image were then converted into scene defocus with respect to the subject\u2019s viewpoint. The defocus characteristics were quantified as the dioptric volume (the total amount of net defocus, or DV) and standard deviation of the defocus values (SD\n                      <jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub>\n                      ). Information on home size, time spent outdoors, and in front of a desk were also obtained. Univariate correlation, and multivariate regression were used to assess the association between myopia progression, defocus characteristics, and other co\u2010variates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The baseline spherical equivalent refraction (\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and refraction change over 1\u00a0year (\u2206\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) were\u00a0\u2212\u00a01.51\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.02 D and\u00a0\u2212\u00a00.56\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.45 D respectively. DV was not significantly correlated with \u2206\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Spearman\u2019s \u03c1\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.25,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.08), while SD\n                      <jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub>\n                      was negatively correlated to \u2206\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Spearman\u2019s \u03c1\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.42,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.003). Although SD\n                      <jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub>\n                      was not a significant predictor in multivariate analysis, the regional DV at 15\u00b0\u201320\u00b0 eccentricity was significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.001). Home size (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>2,50<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a07.01,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.002) and time spent outdoors (Independent\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0\u22122.13,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.04) were also associated with \u2206\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      , but not time spent in front of desk (Independent\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.78,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.44).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The defocus profile in the home environment within the para\u2010central field of view is associated with childhood refractive error development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]],"date-time":"2020-06-10T01:35:33Z","timestamp":1591752933000},"page":"463-471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The diversified defocus profile of the near\u2010work environment and myopia development"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0443-3028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai Yip","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Centre for Myopia Research School of Optometry The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela Yuen\u2010ting","family":"Mok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Centre for Myopia Research School of Optometry The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7720-7507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi\u2010wai","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Centre for Myopia Research School of Optometry The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5729-6450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul Hong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8516-4711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry Ho\u2010lung","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Centre for Myopia Research School of Optometry The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60272-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0804"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134514"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"3633","article-title":"Parental myopia, near work, school achievement, and children\u2019s refractive error","volume":"43","author":"Mutti DO","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis 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