{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:57:53Z","timestamp":1792000673183,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]],"date-time":"2020-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002089","name":"Fight for Sight","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FFS\u2010SS\u201019\u2010011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FFS\u2010SS\u201019\u2010011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002089","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T35 EY007088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T35 EY007088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a leading cause of visual impairment. Its precursor, prediabetes (preDM), is growing in numbers every year. While it is well known that T2DM causes changes in retinal function early in the disease process, it is likely that some of these changes emerge during the preDM stage. This study evaluates retinal function measures in patients with preDM to determine if there are differences in colour vision, contrast sensitivity (CS), and multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) measures present before T2DM is diagnosed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The L\u2019Anthony desaturated D\u201015 test, Mars Chart CS test, and mfERG were administered on the right eye of 43 participants; 15 controls (HbA1c\n                      <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/opo12733-math-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:02755408:media:opo12733:opo12733-math-0001\"\/>\n                      5.6%), 17 with preDM (HbA1c 5.7%\u20136.4%), and 11 with T2DM (either physician diagnosed or with untreated HbA1c\u00a0\u2265\u00a06.5%). HbA1c values were measured at the time of the other tests. Colour vision confusion scores (CVCS) were calculated from the D\u201015 using the method developed by Torok. Multivariate regression (which controlled for age differences) was used to evaluate the relationship of HbA1c and functional measures. Kruskal\u2010Wallis tests were also used to evaluate differences between groups with post\u2010hoc analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CVCSs were significantly different between the three groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.009). There was an association between higher CVCS and higher HbA1c values across all groups as well as specifically within the preDM group when controlling for age (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.29,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.01 and\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.39,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.02 respectively). Multivariate regression of all of the functional tests together and HbA1c found only colour vision remained significant, indicating that the functional examination metrics may provide redundant data, with similar changes in prediabetes where colour vision may be the strongest indicator early in the process.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with prediabetes have functional changes that can be measured in the retina before the diagnosis of diabetes, with the L\u2019Anthony D\u201015 colour vision test providing the strongest association with glucose dysregulation in this population. This has important implications for follow up and screening for diabetes within optometric practices. Further studies are needed to follow these patients over time to see how and when these metrics change.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]],"date-time":"2020-09-21T15:39:18Z","timestamp":1600702758000},"page":"770-777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Functional retinal outcomes in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Nicole","family":"Karson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston College of Optometry Houston USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8451-6332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennyffer","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston College of Optometry Houston USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston College of Optometry Houston USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ananya","family":"Datta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston College of Optometry Houston USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7045-3257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn","family":"Richdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston College of Optometry Houston USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6174-0457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy W.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston College of Optometry Houston USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30058-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTO.S68270"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"1221","article-title":"Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990\u20132020: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"5","author":"Flaxman SR","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"398","volume-title":"Ocular Therapeutics Handbook","author":"Onofrey B","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"353","article-title":"Subtle thinning of retinal layers without overt vascular and inflammatory alterations in a rat model of prediabetes","volume":"24","author":"Alves MRP","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e318219deac"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12177-010-9056-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2018.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-011-9298-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-014-9476-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-019-03894-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2010.00776.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2016.252"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-011-9296-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-S002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","unstructured":"TorokB.WEB\u2010based scoring software for the Farnsworth\u2010Munsell 100\u2010Hue Roth 28\u2010Hue Farnsworth D\u201015 and the Lanthony D\u201015 desaturated arrangement tests.2013.https:\/\/www.torok.info\/colorvision\/dir_for_use.htm. Accessed July 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"50","article-title":"A quantitative scoring technique for panel tests of color vision","volume":"29","author":"Vingrys AJ","year":"1988","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60283-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.10.1393"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(02)00387-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129391"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13570"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.2007.S90"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1034667"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00170545"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000192351.63069.4a"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.12733","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/opo.12733","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.12733","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:25:35Z","timestamp":1767785135000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/opo.12733"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/opo.12733"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.12733","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-06-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-08-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-09-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}