{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:17:55Z","timestamp":1787015875432,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the prevalence of refractive error in adults 40\u00a0years of age and older in Kailu, Inner Mongolia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A population\u2010based, cross\u2010sectional study was conducted in Chinese adults. Spherical equivalent (S.E.) refractive error was determined from the right eye. Myopia and hyperopia were defined as a spherical equivalent (S.E.)\u00a0&lt;\u00a0\u22120.5 dioptres (D) and &gt;0.5\u00a0D, respectively. Since the prevalence of high myopia will vary with the precise criterion chosen, the prevalence of this condition was calculated for thresholds of both &lt;\u22125.0\u00a0D and &lt;6.0\u00a0D. Astigmatism was defined as cylinder power &gt;0.5\u00a0D. Anisometropia was defined as a difference in S.E. between the two eyes &gt;1.0\u00a0D.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of myopia, high myopia (&lt;\u22125.0\u00a0D\/&lt;\u22126.0\u00a0D) and hyperopia in Kailu adults was 60.3% (95%CI: 58.95\u201361.71), 5.5% (95%CI: 4.82\u20136.10) \/4.0% (95%CI: 3.47\u20134.57) and 12.2% (95%CI: 11.26\u201313.11), respectively. The age\u2010 and gender\u2010standardised prevalence of myopia, high myopia (\u22125.0\u00a0D\/\u22126.0\u00a0D) and hyperopia were 62.5% (95%CI: 61.05\u201363.99), 5.0% (95%CI: 4.34\u20135.61) \/3.5% (95%CI: 2.99\u20134.04) and 10.6% (95%CI: 9.71\u201311.49), respectively. 52.9% had refractive astigmatism &gt;0.5\u00a0D and 18.8% of subjects had clinically significant anisometropia. Age was significantly associated with hyperopia, high myopia, astigmatism and anisometropia. Myopia was more prevalent in females. Individuals with a higher educational level had a greater and lesser likelihood of myopia and astigmatism, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Myopia affects around two\u2010thirds of the rural Chinese population over 40\u00a0years of age in Kailu. This high prevalence highlights that rural populations should be included in epidemiological studies of refractive error. Further investigations are needed to clarify the role of environmental factors in myopia development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T12:54:20Z","timestamp":1603716860000},"page":"13-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Prevalence and risk factor for refractive error in rural Chinese adults in Kailu, Inner Mongolia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5533-3003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology The Second Affiliated Hospital Harbin Medical University Harbin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology The Second 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