{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T14:27:28Z","timestamp":1767796048297,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007819","name":"Allergan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the pupil and visual impact of a single early morning drop of a low concentration miotic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pupil size, refraction, visual acuity (VA), near reading performance and intraocular pressure were monitored for 8\u00a0h at a wide range of light levels following bilateral instillation of single drops of 0.1% brimonidine tartate in 19 early presbyopes (40\u201350\u00a0years) and 11 mature presbyopes (&gt;50\u00a0years).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pupil miosis did not alter distance VA or refraction. Significant pupil miosis peaked at 1\u20132\u00a0h after dosing, which expanded the depth of focus of mature presbyopes with the mean improvement in near logMAR VA of \u22120.15, \u22120.07 and \u22120.03, at 20, 200 and 2000 lux, respectively. One hour after instillation, near reading speed improved by 21, 24 and 5 words per min for text size commonly seen in US newspaper and cellphone text messages, 18, 21 and 19 words per min for text size of grocery labels and 12, 13 and 30 words per min for text size of over\u2010the\u2010counter medications at light levels of 20, 200 and 2000 lux, respectively. No such improvements in near VA and near reading speed were observed in the young presbyopes having some residual accommodation. Most of the pupil miosis remained 8\u00a0h after instillation, whereas near VA improvements disappeared after 4\u00a0h.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low dose miotics can enhance near vision in presbyopic subjects while retaining high quality distance vision over a wide range of light levels. Significant improvements in near vision were observed only during the 1\u20132\u00a0h period after dosing when miosis peaked.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T23:56:01Z","timestamp":1604534161000},"page":"73-83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Time\u2010course of the visual Impact on presbyopes of a low dose miotic"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8867-2391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renfeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences University of Nebraska Medical Center 985540 Nebraska Medical Center Omaha USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergan Irvine USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Dibas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergan Irvine USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Rickert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Indiana University Bloomington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dawn","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Indiana University Bloomington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Perron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Indiana University Bloomington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pete","family":"Kollbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Indiana University Bloomington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Indiana University Bloomington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2012.07.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2011.07.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000963"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2012.06.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12420"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-197905000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/1871121c0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(01)00769-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)76701-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(96)82030-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1982.01030030264005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-112-2-120"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S67366"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/112067219400400108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000137"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/tcrm.2006.2.4.337"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199612000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(91)32267-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","article-title":"An objective assessment of the variability in number of drops per bottle of glaucoma medication. 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