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Despite this, it is insensitive in detecting early disease changes. Therefore, other visual function tests have been developed including low luminance VA (LLVA) and low luminance deficit (LLD). This scoping literature review aims to summarise the current published applications of LLVA and LLD assessments to evaluate their utility as clinical markers and research outcome measures in a variety of ophthalmic conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty\u2010five peer\u2010reviewed publications were included. LLVA was pioneered for use in geographic atrophy, a subtype of age\u2010related macular degeneration, which remains the mainstay of its clinical application. However, other studies have reported additional useful applications in inherited retinal diseases including rare maculopathies and rod\u2010cone dystrophies. Although there are some variations in testing methodology, use of the standard Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart with a 2.0 log unit neutral density filter is the most popular approach. The optimal testing luminance is still to be defined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, LLVA is an earlier clinical marker of change in central retinal function than standard VA. It has been shown to be a risk factor for disease progression and a better indicator of a patient\u2019s level of everyday visual function. It is inexpensive and simple to implement using readily available standard ophthalmic equipment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T00:36:33Z","timestamp":1609979793000},"page":"213-223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Low luminance visual acuity as a clinical measure and clinical trial outcome measure: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7072-0853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura J","family":"Wood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford Oxford UK"},{"name":"Oxford Eye Hospital Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Oxford 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