{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:42:42Z","timestamp":1791999762798,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GV\/2017\/187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GV\/2017\/187"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate the prevalence of computer vision syndrome (CVS) in presbyopic digital device workers using two ophthalmic progressive lens designs during the working day, and to analyse the association of CVS with sociodemographic, occupational, digital device exposure and refractive factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This time series, quasi\u2010experimental design study included 69 presbyopic digital device workers (age range: 46\u201369\u00a0years; mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0SD\u00a0=\u00a054.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.0). All used desktop computers at their workplace. Progressive addition lenses (PALs) and occupational lenses were used for three months each. CVS was measured with the CVS\u2010Q\n                      <jats:sup>\u00a9<\/jats:sup>\n                      questionnaire before intervention (baseline) and at 1\u00a0week, 1\u00a0month and 3\u00a0months after wearing the lenses. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify the factors that were associated with an improved CVS\u2010Q\n                      <jats:sup>\u00a9<\/jats:sup>\n                      score.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      37.7% of the subjects were female and 78.3% were ametropes; 65.2% had advanced presbyopia. 56.2% used digital devices at work &gt;6\u00a0h\u00a0day\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      . The prevalence of CVS at baseline, after wearing PALs for three months and after three months of occupational lens wear was 68.1%, 33.3% and 18.8%, respectively. The mean CVS\u2010Q\n                      <jats:sup>\u00a9<\/jats:sup>\n                      score was lower with occupational lenses than with PALs (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.001). 40.6% of the digital device workers improved their CVS\u2010Q\n                      <jats:sup>\u00a9<\/jats:sup>\n                      score \u22652 points with the occupational lenses. Ametropes were less likely than emmetropes to improve with occupational lenses (OR\u00a0=\u00a00.27,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.05). 89.8% of the sample workers were satisfied or very satisfied with the occupational lenses and 71% were similarly satisfied with the PALs. 73.9% chose the occupational lenses as their first choice of lens for digital device use, compared with 17.4% for PALs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Computer vision syndrome is reduced in presbyopic desktop computer workers wearing occupational lenses compared with PALs, especially in emmetropes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T12:58:46Z","timestamp":1620133126000},"page":"922-931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Computer vision syndrome in presbyopic digital device workers and progressive lens design"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8146-8259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar","family":"S\u00e1nchez\u2010Brau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Programme in Health Sciences University of Alicante Alicante Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9771-7336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bego\u00f1a","family":"Domenech\u2010Amigot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy University of Alicante Alicante Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1802-8760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Brocal\u2010Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Systems Engineering and Signal Theory University of Alicante Alicante Spain"},{"name":"University Institute of Physics Applied to Sciences and Technologies University of Alicante Alicante Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0281-7949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar","family":"Segu\u00ed\u2010Crespo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy University of Alicante Alicante Spain"},{"name":"Public Health Research Group University of Alicante Alicante Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Eurofound.Sixth European Working Conditions Survey\u2010 Overview report (2017 update). Publications Office of the European Union: Luxembourg 2017. Available at:eurofound.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/ef_publication\/field_ef_document\/ef1634en.pdf. Accessed September 14 2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-152162"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2016.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000525"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2005.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2011.00834.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12798"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.45.328"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"171","article-title":"Riesgos y da\u00f1os a la salud derivados del uso de videoterminal","volume":"45","author":"Tamez Gonz\u00e1lez S","year":"2003","journal-title":"Salud Publica Mex"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.58.4.267"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqi029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.37596"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12259"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.13035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12962"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16967"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2010.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-1962-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12275"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17031003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","volume-title":"Care of the patient with presbyopia. Reference guide for clinicians","author":"Mancil GL","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","first-page":"221","article-title":"The efficacy of computer glasses in reduction of computer worker symptoms","volume":"73","author":"Butzon SP","year":"2002","journal-title":"Optometry"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120905300802"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2015.1035764"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.3.361"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","volume-title":"Gu\u00eda t\u00e9cnica de evaluaci\u00f3n y prevenci\u00f3n de los riesgos relativos a la utilizaci\u00f3n de equipos con pantallas de visualizaci\u00f3n","author":"INSST, Instituto Nacional de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199706000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-015-0010-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7620"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24363"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31790-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2015.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-017-0611-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001295"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S5555"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2010.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","first-page":"CD009877","article-title":"Optical correction of refractive error for preventing and treating eye symptoms in computer users","volume":"4","author":"Heus P","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","unstructured":"Council Directive 89\/654\/EEC of 30 November 1989 concerning the minimum safety and health requirements for the workplace. Off J Eur Communities. L 393: 1\u201012. Available at:eur\u2010lex.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/1989\/654\/oj. Accessed September 14 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","unstructured":"Council Directive 90\/270\/EEC of 29 May 1990 on the minimum safety and health requirements for work with display screen equipment. Off J Eur Communities. L 156: 14\u201018. Available at:eur\u2010lex.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/1990\/270\/oj. Accessed September 14 2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","unstructured":"Real Decreto 486\/1997 de 14 de abril por el que se establecen las disposiciones m\u00ednimas de seguridad y salud en los lugares de trabajo. BOE n\u00fam 97. Available at:boe.es\/eli\/es\/rd\/1997\/04\/14\/486\/con. Accessed September 14 2020."}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.12832","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/opo.12832","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.12832","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:26:11Z","timestamp":1767785171000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/opo.12832"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/opo.12832"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.12832","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-09-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-16","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-05-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}